{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2022:UGG4OTDH7S2IU7LME2VCSDGSQE","short_pith_number":"pith:UGG4OTDH","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"a18dc74c67fcb48a7d6c26aa290cd2811c14a87b6a3928b35dcd434aaaca8569","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2207.13665","version":3},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Causal foundations of bias, disparity and fairness","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","stat.AP"],"primary_cat":"cs.DL","authors_text":"L. Waltman, V.A. Traag","submitted_at":"2022-07-27T17:33:04Z","abstract_excerpt":"The study of biases, such as gender or racial biases, is an important topic in the social and behavioural sciences. However, the literature does not always clearly define the concept. Definitions of bias are often ambiguous or not provided at all. To study biases in a precise manner, it is important to have a well-defined concept of bias. We propose to define bias as a direct causal effect that is unjustified. We propose to define the closely related concept of disparity as a direct or indirect causal effect that includes a bias. Our proposed definitions can be used to study biases and dispari"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2207.13665","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DL","submitted_at":"2022-07-27T17:33:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","stat.AP"],"title_canon_sha256":"77cc64734606fb9d390c13feaf0f2c8167f39f309386a0b1dbbaddd084fc6a83","abstract_canon_sha256":"06002a018841c1b6d8ea2e48bff34d3de16099ce4109124c7b7ae4c159abbeeb"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:45.079664Z","signature_b64":"y07GKM7l8BoS4ZYYJfC/3hynRu1iITUafTrAcJV3I9/v+lgQTR1ab9+/N12/XZWVE0It1TZClfgLAZ2HRx7bBg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"a18dc74c67fcb48a7d6c26aa290cd2811c14a87b6a3928b35dcd434aaaca8569","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:45.079243Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:45.079243Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Causal foundations of bias, disparity and fairness","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","stat.AP"],"primary_cat":"cs.DL","authors_text":"L. Waltman, V.A. Traag","submitted_at":"2022-07-27T17:33:04Z","abstract_excerpt":"The study of biases, such as gender or racial biases, is an important topic in the social and behavioural sciences. However, the literature does not always clearly define the concept. Definitions of bias are often ambiguous or not provided at all. To study biases in a precise manner, it is important to have a well-defined concept of bias. We propose to define bias as a direct causal effect that is unjustified. We propose to define the closely related concept of disparity as a direct or indirect causal effect that includes a bias. Our proposed definitions can be used to study biases and dispari"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2207.13665","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2207.13665/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2207.13665","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:45.079298+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2207.13665v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:45.079298+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2207.13665","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:45.079298+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"UGG4OTDH7S2I","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:45.079298+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"UGG4OTDH7S2IU7LM","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:45.079298+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"UGG4OTDH","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:45.079298+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":1,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[{"citing_arxiv_id":"2404.06500","citing_title":"The Rise and Fall of the Initial Era","ref_index":64,"is_internal_anchor":false}]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/UGG4OTDH7S2IU7LME2VCSDGSQE","json":"https://pith.science/pith/UGG4OTDH7S2IU7LME2VCSDGSQE.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/UGG4OTDH7S2IU7LME2VCSDGSQE/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/UGG4OTDH7S2IU7LME2VCSDGSQE/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/UGG4OTDH"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/UGG4OTDH7S2IU7LME2VCSDGSQE","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/UGG4OTDH7S2IU7LME2VCSDGSQE.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/UGG4OTDH","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2207.13665&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/UGG4OTDH7S2IU7LME2VCSDGSQE/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/UGG4OTDH7S2IU7LME2VCSDGSQE/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/UGG4OTDH7S2IU7LME2VCSDGSQE/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/UGG4OTDH7S2IU7LME2VCSDGSQE/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/UGG4OTDH7S2IU7LME2VCSDGSQE/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/UGG4OTDH7S2IU7LME2VCSDGSQE/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/UGG4OTDH7S2IU7LME2VCSDGSQE/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:45.079298+00:00","updated_at":"2026-07-05T08:45:45.079298+00:00"}