{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:ULQODB2K5P7TJDUURU4CSNEDSU","short_pith_number":"pith:ULQODB2K","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2004.02675","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ins-det","submitted_at":"2020-04-06T13:49:55Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.IM"],"title_canon_sha256":"3094a6bba3d9eca3ddc6f81537917af656553856cc1373d8bbe7390bdf0317d3","abstract_canon_sha256":"d6fdbe133a6c38dfe3f045894d5960e574f4a23d40d94d28a9581e7758c6d2a5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a2e0e1874aebff348e948d3829348395002b7e2e893960368ecc204b2ecea466","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2004.02675","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2004.02675","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2004.02675v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2004.02675","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ULQODB2K5P7T","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ULQODB2K5P7TJDUU","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ULQODB2K","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:ULQODB2K5P7TJDUURU4CSNEDSU","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2004.02675","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ins-det","submitted_at":"2020-04-06T13:49:55Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.IM"],"title_canon_sha256":"3094a6bba3d9eca3ddc6f81537917af656553856cc1373d8bbe7390bdf0317d3","abstract_canon_sha256":"d6fdbe133a6c38dfe3f045894d5960e574f4a23d40d94d28a9581e7758c6d2a5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a2e0e1874aebff348e948d3829348395002b7e2e893960368ecc204b2ecea466","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01.562247Z","signature_b64":"+xiabeDI6RxvPVooDQZ1+QjoOYQRracYRwTIxZt1iJMiCCUuS5mg4eKXkUo6iT3Q+nc7b74X0k9ZgAL0weSECQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"a2e0e1874aebff348e948d3829348395002b7e2e893960368ecc204b2ecea466","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01.561828Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01.561828Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2004.02675","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"AaYy6Ec5crsVeSmlIhmvMaLCGowu7qGXkG6z1COjRdqcZcj0aZ2dsn97BPJ3fq1JYN+eT5493IR53lku4UqoDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T17:24:10.814413Z"},"content_sha256":"8c5ebc74374097c3dda917137d847d05e4f7649aa76686c4d297fd2f6f80887f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:8c5ebc74374097c3dda917137d847d05e4f7649aa76686c4d297fd2f6f80887f"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:ULQODB2K5P7TJDUURU4CSNEDSU","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Simulations and Design of a Single-Photon CMOS Imaging Pixel Using Multiple Non-Destructive Signal Sampling","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.IM"],"primary_cat":"physics.ins-det","authors_text":"Andrew D. Holland, Elizabeth George, Konstantin D. Stefanov, Mark Downing, Martin Prest, Naidu Bezawada","submitted_at":"2020-04-06T13:49:55Z","abstract_excerpt":"A single-photon CMOS image sensor design based on pinned photodiode (PPD) with multiple charge transfers and sampling is described. In the proposed pixel architecture, the photogenerated signal is sampled non-destructively multiple times and the results are averaged. Each signal measurement is statistically independent and by averaging the electronic readout noise is reduced to a level where single photons can be distinguished reliably. A pixel design using this method has been simulated in TCAD and several layouts have been generated for a 180 nm CMOS image sensor process. Using simulations, "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2004.02675","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2004.02675/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"fGBqDerpmTJqMcepZN9k4XzwJWtXRi/F1LiJrJ+05ybQdyBzu1vEkvGiMA87n/Ze9pdj9E9ecRAMrriag/O0DQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T17:24:10.814758Z"},"content_sha256":"274c767dff37574163f267ccb195639eb3b4860647cdabed2258d10c12739aa8","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:274c767dff37574163f267ccb195639eb3b4860647cdabed2258d10c12739aa8"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ULQODB2K5P7TJDUURU4CSNEDSU/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ULQODB2K5P7TJDUURU4CSNEDSU/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ULQODB2K5P7TJDUURU4CSNEDSU/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-23T17:24:10Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/ULQODB2K5P7TJDUURU4CSNEDSU","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/ULQODB2K5P7TJDUURU4CSNEDSU/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/ULQODB2K5P7TJDUURU4CSNEDSU/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ULQODB2K5P7TJDUURU4CSNEDSU/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:ULQODB2K5P7TJDUURU4CSNEDSU","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d6fdbe133a6c38dfe3f045894d5960e574f4a23d40d94d28a9581e7758c6d2a5","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.IM"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ins-det","submitted_at":"2020-04-06T13:49:55Z","title_canon_sha256":"3094a6bba3d9eca3ddc6f81537917af656553856cc1373d8bbe7390bdf0317d3"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2004.02675","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2004.02675","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2004.02675v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2004.02675","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ULQODB2K5P7T","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ULQODB2K5P7TJDUU","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ULQODB2K","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:274c767dff37574163f267ccb195639eb3b4860647cdabed2258d10c12739aa8","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2004.02675/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"A single-photon CMOS image sensor design based on pinned photodiode (PPD) with multiple charge transfers and sampling is described. In the proposed pixel architecture, the photogenerated signal is sampled non-destructively multiple times and the results are averaged. Each signal measurement is statistically independent and by averaging the electronic readout noise is reduced to a level where single photons can be distinguished reliably. A pixel design using this method has been simulated in TCAD and several layouts have been generated for a 180 nm CMOS image sensor process. Using simulations, ","authors_text":"Andrew D. Holland, Elizabeth George, Konstantin D. Stefanov, Mark Downing, Martin Prest, Naidu Bezawada","cross_cats":["astro-ph.IM"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ins-det","submitted_at":"2020-04-06T13:49:55Z","title":"Simulations and Design of a Single-Photon CMOS Imaging Pixel Using Multiple Non-Destructive Signal Sampling"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2004.02675","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:8c5ebc74374097c3dda917137d847d05e4f7649aa76686c4d297fd2f6f80887f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d6fdbe133a6c38dfe3f045894d5960e574f4a23d40d94d28a9581e7758c6d2a5","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.IM"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ins-det","submitted_at":"2020-04-06T13:49:55Z","title_canon_sha256":"3094a6bba3d9eca3ddc6f81537917af656553856cc1373d8bbe7390bdf0317d3"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2004.02675","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"a2e0e1874aebff348e948d3829348395002b7e2e893960368ecc204b2ecea466","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"a2e0e1874aebff348e948d3829348395002b7e2e893960368ecc204b2ecea466","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01.561828Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01.561828Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"+xiabeDI6RxvPVooDQZ1+QjoOYQRracYRwTIxZt1iJMiCCUuS5mg4eKXkUo6iT3Q+nc7b74X0k9ZgAL0weSECQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:53:01.562247Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2004.02675","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:8c5ebc74374097c3dda917137d847d05e4f7649aa76686c4d297fd2f6f80887f","sha256:274c767dff37574163f267ccb195639eb3b4860647cdabed2258d10c12739aa8"],"state_sha256":"b3038b2d75c2caff3c0f91067c1e5a737aa7d02995bd227e7af6a0cedf170aa7"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"3udcLyUkyTju5VX9ZEoZujbovCOg6gRAudgMyuGx3Xw+p7ng5yO4hn+5DHGdrICTO+Xe88u48ZPFtn+M54RZCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T17:24:10.818296Z","bundle_sha256":"10d1ff47282d6aa44634187ed9e2275579329e3fe0630409a4d4c1cb25a8521f"}}