{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:USWMHS32VF5YI7IRR37UXFCTK2","short_pith_number":"pith:USWMHS32","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2309.11508","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-09T22:25:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"111538be38d496d5a8c6fb023cc1fef0d7a732b46713131c4811e6b8fd4b07d7","abstract_canon_sha256":"e56be3c026124dd2318a59ddcdb5e2f4299af9e12841b3d57db170e3a99235c6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a4acc3cb7aa97b847d118eff4b945356880cb33e4a337cf5c194236d3eff4514","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2309.11508","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2309.11508","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2309.11508v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2309.11508","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"USWMHS32VF5Y","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"USWMHS32VF5YI7IR","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"USWMHS32","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:USWMHS32VF5YI7IRR37UXFCTK2","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2309.11508","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-09T22:25:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"111538be38d496d5a8c6fb023cc1fef0d7a732b46713131c4811e6b8fd4b07d7","abstract_canon_sha256":"e56be3c026124dd2318a59ddcdb5e2f4299af9e12841b3d57db170e3a99235c6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a4acc3cb7aa97b847d118eff4b945356880cb33e4a337cf5c194236d3eff4514","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55.104209Z","signature_b64":"/SI4QvgcNIWeICCkTRf8DKCOmrAHswQEmmXLYM6GbjjoqqShyzKVerA6+pMKq+V05aXkSTncXvfImxCS/W85Aw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"a4acc3cb7aa97b847d118eff4b945356880cb33e4a337cf5c194236d3eff4514","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55.103726Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55.103726Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2309.11508","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"j1mNd7XWbtdAH0om/4WXDGmtEEo6SxcyLlFZgh91KlmkYmqfeLCoMJJ1Mzjib4R3ZHjcgfBUi1ucMfAaN6V8AQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T12:06:57.502198Z"},"content_sha256":"f38ccb782cb840f1c9710d11ccd2795ec03a2ea90681ff65cae3a25a8408b2e9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f38ccb782cb840f1c9710d11ccd2795ec03a2ea90681ff65cae3a25a8408b2e9"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:USWMHS32VF5YI7IRR37UXFCTK2","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Towards LLM-based Autograding for Short Textual Answers","license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Bernd Schenk, Christina Niklaus, Johannes Schneider","submitted_at":"2023-09-09T22:25:56Z","abstract_excerpt":"Grading exams is an important, labor-intensive, subjective, repetitive, and frequently challenging task. The feasibility of autograding textual responses has greatly increased thanks to the availability of large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and the substantial influx of data brought about by digitalization. However, entrusting AI models with decision-making roles raises ethical considerations, mainly stemming from potential biases and issues related to generating false information. Thus, in this manuscript, we provide an evaluation of a large language model for the purpose of autogra"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2309.11508","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2309.11508/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mY4UMQEhTNBwhbYSDyXiOAWXz1V8nC24hUZF0DUakLEmm6oWod47IijXuaH0+psjA43Ix7UHo1AvQcGQETDnDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T12:06:57.502783Z"},"content_sha256":"7d8043d2e3f355a024620ba061bd6b31b69d062139302a5dbf2b70a285fd153c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7d8043d2e3f355a024620ba061bd6b31b69d062139302a5dbf2b70a285fd153c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/USWMHS32VF5YI7IRR37UXFCTK2/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/USWMHS32VF5YI7IRR37UXFCTK2/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/USWMHS32VF5YI7IRR37UXFCTK2/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-06T12:06:57Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/USWMHS32VF5YI7IRR37UXFCTK2","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/USWMHS32VF5YI7IRR37UXFCTK2/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/USWMHS32VF5YI7IRR37UXFCTK2/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/USWMHS32VF5YI7IRR37UXFCTK2/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:USWMHS32VF5YI7IRR37UXFCTK2","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e56be3c026124dd2318a59ddcdb5e2f4299af9e12841b3d57db170e3a99235c6","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-09T22:25:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"111538be38d496d5a8c6fb023cc1fef0d7a732b46713131c4811e6b8fd4b07d7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2309.11508","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2309.11508","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2309.11508v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2309.11508","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"USWMHS32VF5Y","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"USWMHS32VF5YI7IR","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"USWMHS32","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:7d8043d2e3f355a024620ba061bd6b31b69d062139302a5dbf2b70a285fd153c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2309.11508/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Grading exams is an important, labor-intensive, subjective, repetitive, and frequently challenging task. The feasibility of autograding textual responses has greatly increased thanks to the availability of large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and the substantial influx of data brought about by digitalization. However, entrusting AI models with decision-making roles raises ethical considerations, mainly stemming from potential biases and issues related to generating false information. Thus, in this manuscript, we provide an evaluation of a large language model for the purpose of autogra","authors_text":"Bernd Schenk, Christina Niklaus, Johannes Schneider","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-09T22:25:56Z","title":"Towards LLM-based Autograding for Short Textual Answers"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2309.11508","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:f38ccb782cb840f1c9710d11ccd2795ec03a2ea90681ff65cae3a25a8408b2e9","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e56be3c026124dd2318a59ddcdb5e2f4299af9e12841b3d57db170e3a99235c6","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-09T22:25:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"111538be38d496d5a8c6fb023cc1fef0d7a732b46713131c4811e6b8fd4b07d7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2309.11508","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"a4acc3cb7aa97b847d118eff4b945356880cb33e4a337cf5c194236d3eff4514","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"a4acc3cb7aa97b847d118eff4b945356880cb33e4a337cf5c194236d3eff4514","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55.103726Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55.103726Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"/SI4QvgcNIWeICCkTRf8DKCOmrAHswQEmmXLYM6GbjjoqqShyzKVerA6+pMKq+V05aXkSTncXvfImxCS/W85Aw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:40:55.104209Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2309.11508","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:f38ccb782cb840f1c9710d11ccd2795ec03a2ea90681ff65cae3a25a8408b2e9","sha256:7d8043d2e3f355a024620ba061bd6b31b69d062139302a5dbf2b70a285fd153c"],"state_sha256":"1589486103d22b80ecb6a434ede4925ee2b06f224786486385fbedc447665348"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"VTOxoMqyQXg/MQbfIq3B4QBwBdwsq0usACPGHZSYMwZnITMjX5dd/zm5gLJbo1YuNkcntxNKSTR5uJG6nHeBBA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T12:06:57.509130Z","bundle_sha256":"4f742124e7eba5e1bd9e9123c285f757e3a4dc40d0cc9fcb060ae9bb8af0de41"}}