{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2011:UUZDRXKCHAGEJHLCQVUPBHKOA4","short_pith_number":"pith:UUZDRXKC","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1112.3960","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2011-12-16T21:00:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA","gr-qc","hep-ph","hep-th"],"title_canon_sha256":"516324ba8ab25252cbf1b50ceacf47574769bffecdabb0ea99e07cab95e41fcb","abstract_canon_sha256":"5f6c716dc3ab4e1a098209adef519fcd476a5fa9c357772ddcbd9834ccbdbfaa"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a53238dd42380c449d628568f09d4e073413dff73037a5d2ae25aabd319ee2f5","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1112.3960","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1112.3960","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:51:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1112.3960v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:51:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1112.3960","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:51:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"UUZDRXKCHAGE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"UUZDRXKCHAGEJHLC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"UUZDRXKC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:42Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2011:UUZDRXKCHAGEJHLCQVUPBHKOA4","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1112.3960","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2011-12-16T21:00:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA","gr-qc","hep-ph","hep-th"],"title_canon_sha256":"516324ba8ab25252cbf1b50ceacf47574769bffecdabb0ea99e07cab95e41fcb","abstract_canon_sha256":"5f6c716dc3ab4e1a098209adef519fcd476a5fa9c357772ddcbd9834ccbdbfaa"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a53238dd42380c449d628568f09d4e073413dff73037a5d2ae25aabd319ee2f5","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:51:06.741121Z","signature_b64":"gZKtEFYTZyeeabitAJxjYFzWgVj01RFPvYkN2WdJliPeBCIaqn5oJ1rDd7aij2z+9CTDt1v4DOpteE88e7t7Ag==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"a53238dd42380c449d628568f09d4e073413dff73037a5d2ae25aabd319ee2f5","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:51:06.740689Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:51:06.740689Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1112.3960","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:51:06Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"m5cwQo9MHrMXYSLe1yy6jdSaRrtv+7gtjUanXHNXUeDF6WsBDMWwawvnahbzt5IniAjamJomIa10OpCvLaGHAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T12:41:11.588639Z"},"content_sha256":"881617488795b445cf52ce9811e0f5889c27ad14d16713364a6c657197eb95fd","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:881617488795b445cf52ce9811e0f5889c27ad14d16713364a6c657197eb95fd"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2011:UUZDRXKCHAGEJHLCQVUPBHKOA4","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND): Observational Phenomenology and Relativistic Extensions","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.GA","gr-qc","hep-ph","hep-th"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","authors_text":"Benoit Famaey, Stacy McGaugh","submitted_at":"2011-12-16T21:00:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"A wealth of astronomical data indicate the presence of mass discrepancies in the Universe. The motions observed in a variety of classes of extragalactic systems exceed what can be explained by the mass visible in stars and gas. Either (i) there is a vast amount of unseen mass in some novel form - dark matter - or (ii) the data indicate a breakdown of our understanding of dynamics on the relevant scales, or (iii) both. Here, we first review a few outstanding challenges for the dark matter interpretation of mass discrepancies in galaxies, purely based on observations and independently of any alt"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1112.3960","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:51:06Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Qo8hiz0wJrI+FJy3CL6sFn0i5DbGkfpb6ETdw+8PzIkRbvE2s0SsGDMBuSr9PIz8nHUxqqhe5SwRj4Wh4SkMAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T12:41:11.589436Z"},"content_sha256":"da84d7c527630f8070caed93a4be0a06c340929c464aa88a78754569ee3918de","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:da84d7c527630f8070caed93a4be0a06c340929c464aa88a78754569ee3918de"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/UUZDRXKCHAGEJHLCQVUPBHKOA4/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/UUZDRXKCHAGEJHLCQVUPBHKOA4/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/UUZDRXKCHAGEJHLCQVUPBHKOA4/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-27T12:41:11Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/UUZDRXKCHAGEJHLCQVUPBHKOA4","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/UUZDRXKCHAGEJHLCQVUPBHKOA4/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/UUZDRXKCHAGEJHLCQVUPBHKOA4/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/UUZDRXKCHAGEJHLCQVUPBHKOA4/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2011:UUZDRXKCHAGEJHLCQVUPBHKOA4","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5f6c716dc3ab4e1a098209adef519fcd476a5fa9c357772ddcbd9834ccbdbfaa","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA","gr-qc","hep-ph","hep-th"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2011-12-16T21:00:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"516324ba8ab25252cbf1b50ceacf47574769bffecdabb0ea99e07cab95e41fcb"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1112.3960","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1112.3960","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:51:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1112.3960v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:51:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1112.3960","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:51:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"UUZDRXKCHAGE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"UUZDRXKCHAGEJHLC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"UUZDRXKC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:42Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:da84d7c527630f8070caed93a4be0a06c340929c464aa88a78754569ee3918de","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:51:06Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"A wealth of astronomical data indicate the presence of mass discrepancies in the Universe. The motions observed in a variety of classes of extragalactic systems exceed what can be explained by the mass visible in stars and gas. Either (i) there is a vast amount of unseen mass in some novel form - dark matter - or (ii) the data indicate a breakdown of our understanding of dynamics on the relevant scales, or (iii) both. Here, we first review a few outstanding challenges for the dark matter interpretation of mass discrepancies in galaxies, purely based on observations and independently of any alt","authors_text":"Benoit Famaey, Stacy McGaugh","cross_cats":["astro-ph.GA","gr-qc","hep-ph","hep-th"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2011-12-16T21:00:01Z","title":"Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND): Observational Phenomenology and Relativistic Extensions"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1112.3960","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:881617488795b445cf52ce9811e0f5889c27ad14d16713364a6c657197eb95fd","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:51:06Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5f6c716dc3ab4e1a098209adef519fcd476a5fa9c357772ddcbd9834ccbdbfaa","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA","gr-qc","hep-ph","hep-th"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2011-12-16T21:00:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"516324ba8ab25252cbf1b50ceacf47574769bffecdabb0ea99e07cab95e41fcb"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1112.3960","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"a53238dd42380c449d628568f09d4e073413dff73037a5d2ae25aabd319ee2f5","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"a53238dd42380c449d628568f09d4e073413dff73037a5d2ae25aabd319ee2f5","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:51:06.740689Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:51:06.740689Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"gZKtEFYTZyeeabitAJxjYFzWgVj01RFPvYkN2WdJliPeBCIaqn5oJ1rDd7aij2z+9CTDt1v4DOpteE88e7t7Ag==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:51:06.741121Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1112.3960","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:881617488795b445cf52ce9811e0f5889c27ad14d16713364a6c657197eb95fd","sha256:da84d7c527630f8070caed93a4be0a06c340929c464aa88a78754569ee3918de"],"state_sha256":"7f340b6f06e21c0d7b58389b8d7eeeaf2abc2ba7efd426f3696e3d751ac26a49"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"gHxpUggPN2bseStNet4aSFBzUwHrdn19NimdbM39dizAP+k2itKLabOC+IkQslqRosmBAYdCXgI6qcoBcrhfAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T12:41:11.593121Z","bundle_sha256":"a6eeb553a4deb0731b981e2c9a8c9c768bbc42d58e1ae0ffbe5dbf9c9b647af9"}}