{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:UYDPYLTC2RPIXRNWTX46VRJGAN","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"35692f627536e8f6b5dbad846dfa4ffce73dc3e593b40f7c8382b2e08149d55f","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2023-03-17T02:01:11Z","title_canon_sha256":"c4ce90021c2a27f1b16528d08eed110b3fde45db49ccbaa2670bdf45d5f4e0c8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2303.09728","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2303.09728","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2303.09728v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2303.09728","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"UYDPYLTC2RPI","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"UYDPYLTC2RPIXRNW","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"UYDPYLTC","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:16Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:80f4c001c7cbf27480344716c990e3a4ac4438710f4c61f0a1730096a84e0d6a","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2303.09728/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Backpropagation algorithm has been widely used as a mainstream learning procedure for neural networks in the past decade, and has played a significant role in the development of deep learning. However, there exist some limitations associated with this algorithm, such as getting stuck in local minima and experiencing vanishing/exploding gradients, which have led to questions about its biological plausibility. To address these limitations, alternative algorithms to backpropagation have been preliminarily explored, with the Forward-Forward (FF) algorithm being one of the most well-known. In this ","authors_text":"Congyan Lang, Gongpei Zhao, Haibin Ling, Tao Wang, Yidong Li, Yi Jin","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2023-03-17T02:01:11Z","title":"The Cascaded Forward Algorithm for Neural Network Training"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2303.09728","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:09f93d4e155272fdaaab2486e89732821e1d0085f4323a7081f1bd87bb8bd4a6","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"35692f627536e8f6b5dbad846dfa4ffce73dc3e593b40f7c8382b2e08149d55f","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2023-03-17T02:01:11Z","title_canon_sha256":"c4ce90021c2a27f1b16528d08eed110b3fde45db49ccbaa2670bdf45d5f4e0c8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2303.09728","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"a606fc2e62d45e8bc5b69df9eac526036a6a72bf4b1ae9264f07c234b7bdc13a","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"a606fc2e62d45e8bc5b69df9eac526036a6a72bf4b1ae9264f07c234b7bdc13a","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:16.341654Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:16.341654Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"jM/rSpUtbijtCvxtwvkVUgG7mDueBhlTLAoX3srFiob5sUXa2hIWK2eM4okm/tluP95wDQuz1V05lqHiYThaCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:22:16.345826Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2303.09728","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:09f93d4e155272fdaaab2486e89732821e1d0085f4323a7081f1bd87bb8bd4a6","sha256:80f4c001c7cbf27480344716c990e3a4ac4438710f4c61f0a1730096a84e0d6a"],"state_sha256":"667e5f6178715dd2ad68d75b7e7aa68e0caf07d886c7463d51d51fb9450093cb"}