{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2017:V5UPR4HU2BNOU7D2U577LNXX3E","short_pith_number":"pith:V5UPR4HU","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"af68f8f0f4d05aea7c7aa77ff5b6f7d934bb13b40fdb0936dc7cf26a805354dc","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1702.02700","version":3},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"The Opacity Problem in Social Contagion","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["physics.soc-ph"],"primary_cat":"cs.SI","authors_text":"Christopher J. Cameron, George Berry, Michael W. Macy, Patrick Park","submitted_at":"2017-02-09T04:30:31Z","abstract_excerpt":"Fads, product adoption, mobs, rumors, memes, and emergent norms are diverse social contagions that have been modeled as network cascades. Empirical study of these cascades is vulnerable to what we describe as the \"opacity problem\": the inability to observe the critical level of peer influence required to trigger an individual's behavioral change. Even with maximal information, network cascades reveal intervals that bound critical levels of peer exposure, rather than critical values themselves. Existing practice uses interval maxima, which systematically over-estimates the social influence requ"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1702.02700","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2017-02-09T04:30:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.soc-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"fdd0b604c7b71b3ccfbfa50e7ee93b5e0c1b07d7173d0762af869b484fa290f5","abstract_canon_sha256":"a6d2de6f969423f62fc088d109ff3e760971f974afdcdeec5c499b8b2537f79b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:22.712223Z","signature_b64":"pBjxsEUZZeQfP6vLHN4LLIxU6jxRvLr22USDiqiJ1flHuvBnDw16IVnH0EG9n/nxTN0ilwXGZTPkEbgzXTrQAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"af68f8f0f4d05aea7c7aa77ff5b6f7d934bb13b40fdb0936dc7cf26a805354dc","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:22.711630Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:22.711630Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The Opacity Problem in Social Contagion","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["physics.soc-ph"],"primary_cat":"cs.SI","authors_text":"Christopher J. Cameron, George Berry, Michael W. Macy, Patrick Park","submitted_at":"2017-02-09T04:30:31Z","abstract_excerpt":"Fads, product adoption, mobs, rumors, memes, and emergent norms are diverse social contagions that have been modeled as network cascades. Empirical study of these cascades is vulnerable to what we describe as the \"opacity problem\": the inability to observe the critical level of peer influence required to trigger an individual's behavioral change. Even with maximal information, network cascades reveal intervals that bound critical levels of peer exposure, rather than critical values themselves. Existing practice uses interval maxima, which systematically over-estimates the social influence requ"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1702.02700","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1702.02700","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:22.711717+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1702.02700v3","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:22.711717+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1702.02700","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:22.711717+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"V5UPR4HU2BNO","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:49.984773+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"V5UPR4HU2BNOU7D2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:49.984773+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"V5UPR4HU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:49.984773+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/V5UPR4HU2BNOU7D2U577LNXX3E","json":"https://pith.science/pith/V5UPR4HU2BNOU7D2U577LNXX3E.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/V5UPR4HU2BNOU7D2U577LNXX3E/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/V5UPR4HU2BNOU7D2U577LNXX3E/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/V5UPR4HU"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/V5UPR4HU2BNOU7D2U577LNXX3E","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/V5UPR4HU2BNOU7D2U577LNXX3E.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/V5UPR4HU","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=1702.02700&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/V5UPR4HU2BNOU7D2U577LNXX3E/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/V5UPR4HU2BNOU7D2U577LNXX3E/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/V5UPR4HU2BNOU7D2U577LNXX3E/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/V5UPR4HU2BNOU7D2U577LNXX3E/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/V5UPR4HU2BNOU7D2U577LNXX3E/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/V5UPR4HU2BNOU7D2U577LNXX3E/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/V5UPR4HU2BNOU7D2U577LNXX3E/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:22.711717+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-18T00:00:22.711717+00:00"}