{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2009:V6JVQ45KSO4PKF7WSFYJ4WOCT5","short_pith_number":"pith:V6JVQ45K","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"0912.4156","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","submitted_at":"2009-12-21T13:01:35Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"3530374f1f4bf0845dcb739506416b1bbeefeb89820e9a0305e2e51be3c2508a","abstract_canon_sha256":"e58f745dddd79636e635b3d9ffbcaa12212d0f9063868973a6abade34d986372"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"af935873aa93b8f517f691709e59c29f75f53d07b4e2d5d8a02b05bbc058a341","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"0912.4156","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"0912.4156","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:33:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"0912.4156v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:33:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.0912.4156","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:33:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"V6JVQ45KSO4P","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"V6JVQ45KSO4PKF7W","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"V6JVQ45K","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:02Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2009:V6JVQ45KSO4PKF7WSFYJ4WOCT5","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"0912.4156","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","submitted_at":"2009-12-21T13:01:35Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"3530374f1f4bf0845dcb739506416b1bbeefeb89820e9a0305e2e51be3c2508a","abstract_canon_sha256":"e58f745dddd79636e635b3d9ffbcaa12212d0f9063868973a6abade34d986372"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"af935873aa93b8f517f691709e59c29f75f53d07b4e2d5d8a02b05bbc058a341","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:33:55.795470Z","signature_b64":"RAsEKOIAWYBhhZVxpMdr2ZTJcD5bcLcaMbtm25sbvwjJvWy2q7UuIILH92ZxxWadtFyEVaQfEYEVaCUK6dHMDg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"af935873aa93b8f517f691709e59c29f75f53d07b4e2d5d8a02b05bbc058a341","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:33:55.794972Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:33:55.794972Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"0912.4156","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:33:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"UyMNEV5fp8bDWA+/Yxk8a22TBtJOrW02YusekfrupfOL3I9ToOxhDT4zK7rHOk63jBy5zQzCZEuuW0ZhV+MbCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T23:47:38.813819Z"},"content_sha256":"71818f62aeeddb4cdb2f5a12f6a4a3672e71fd1242129f5345a8ad61ef709e6c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:71818f62aeeddb4cdb2f5a12f6a4a3672e71fd1242129f5345a8ad61ef709e6c"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2009:V6JVQ45KSO4PKF7WSFYJ4WOCT5","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Cosmic rays in galaxies: a probe of star formation","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","authors_text":"Massimo Persic (INAF+INFN, Trieste), UC San Diego), Yoel Rephaeli (Tel Aviv U.","submitted_at":"2009-12-21T13:01:35Z","abstract_excerpt":"Cosmic-ray energy densities in central regions of starburst galaxies, as inferred from radio and gamma-ray measurements of, respectively, non-thermal synchrotron and neutral pion decay emission, are typically U_p = O(100)eV/cm3, i.e. typically at least an order of magnitude larger than near the Galactic center and in other non-very-actively star-forming galaxies. We first show that these very different energy-density levels reflect a similar disparity in the respective supernova rates in the two environments, which is not unexpected given the supernova origin of (Galactic) energetic particles."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"0912.4156","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:33:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/QxXAW3YXL92YQEifBg2Rmt8QI4rJEMkc1Un/8JUTLbnF9MQEeUR4G0Vu7jxvq24dfJ0CBsQGwADlFEqeAYuBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T23:47:38.814486Z"},"content_sha256":"b79dfba6d1ea195a655ce26064142e622cbd605de144face5b7e473000fa9556","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b79dfba6d1ea195a655ce26064142e622cbd605de144face5b7e473000fa9556"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/V6JVQ45KSO4PKF7WSFYJ4WOCT5/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/V6JVQ45KSO4PKF7WSFYJ4WOCT5/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/V6JVQ45KSO4PKF7WSFYJ4WOCT5/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-26T23:47:38Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/V6JVQ45KSO4PKF7WSFYJ4WOCT5","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/V6JVQ45KSO4PKF7WSFYJ4WOCT5/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/V6JVQ45KSO4PKF7WSFYJ4WOCT5/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/V6JVQ45KSO4PKF7WSFYJ4WOCT5/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2009:V6JVQ45KSO4PKF7WSFYJ4WOCT5","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e58f745dddd79636e635b3d9ffbcaa12212d0f9063868973a6abade34d986372","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","submitted_at":"2009-12-21T13:01:35Z","title_canon_sha256":"3530374f1f4bf0845dcb739506416b1bbeefeb89820e9a0305e2e51be3c2508a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"0912.4156","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"0912.4156","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:33:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"0912.4156v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:33:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.0912.4156","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:33:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"V6JVQ45KSO4P","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"V6JVQ45KSO4PKF7W","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"V6JVQ45K","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:02Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:b79dfba6d1ea195a655ce26064142e622cbd605de144face5b7e473000fa9556","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:33:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Cosmic-ray energy densities in central regions of starburst galaxies, as inferred from radio and gamma-ray measurements of, respectively, non-thermal synchrotron and neutral pion decay emission, are typically U_p = O(100)eV/cm3, i.e. typically at least an order of magnitude larger than near the Galactic center and in other non-very-actively star-forming galaxies. We first show that these very different energy-density levels reflect a similar disparity in the respective supernova rates in the two environments, which is not unexpected given the supernova origin of (Galactic) energetic particles.","authors_text":"Massimo Persic (INAF+INFN, Trieste), UC San Diego), Yoel Rephaeli (Tel Aviv U.","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","submitted_at":"2009-12-21T13:01:35Z","title":"Cosmic rays in galaxies: a probe of star formation"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"0912.4156","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:71818f62aeeddb4cdb2f5a12f6a4a3672e71fd1242129f5345a8ad61ef709e6c","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:33:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e58f745dddd79636e635b3d9ffbcaa12212d0f9063868973a6abade34d986372","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","submitted_at":"2009-12-21T13:01:35Z","title_canon_sha256":"3530374f1f4bf0845dcb739506416b1bbeefeb89820e9a0305e2e51be3c2508a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"0912.4156","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"af935873aa93b8f517f691709e59c29f75f53d07b4e2d5d8a02b05bbc058a341","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"af935873aa93b8f517f691709e59c29f75f53d07b4e2d5d8a02b05bbc058a341","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:33:55.794972Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:33:55.794972Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"RAsEKOIAWYBhhZVxpMdr2ZTJcD5bcLcaMbtm25sbvwjJvWy2q7UuIILH92ZxxWadtFyEVaQfEYEVaCUK6dHMDg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:33:55.795470Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"0912.4156","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:71818f62aeeddb4cdb2f5a12f6a4a3672e71fd1242129f5345a8ad61ef709e6c","sha256:b79dfba6d1ea195a655ce26064142e622cbd605de144face5b7e473000fa9556"],"state_sha256":"7977aa0e565b15f259d5fde3e5fb06e941260ebfdf17470e7019beb41bf75b14"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"lPZamqprRhrh61X4iFljXgzY5VuVc0wN0W96Vtb2huaVaOJxiSwp82Uv0yxCCZnCBNcR9H3JDJxn9CIPXxwZCQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T23:47:38.817674Z","bundle_sha256":"b44be64f6f5ce410e7d3df9286755756cb2455176a22ac81656b9735eeed9f55"}}