{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2017:V77LV6U2MNLKWHC6VFQSAN4KWX","short_pith_number":"pith:V77LV6U2","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"affebafa9a6356ab1c5ea96120378ab5c2b575691efecf38e0354e32fe2f7281","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1709.04736","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"The formation of mini-Neptunes","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","authors_text":"Julia Venturini, Ravit Helled","submitted_at":"2017-09-14T12:42:29Z","abstract_excerpt":"Mini-Neptunes seem to be common planets. In this work we investigate the possible formation histories and predicted occurrence rates of mini-Neptunes assuming the planets form beyond the iceline. We consider pebble and planetesimal accretion accounting for envelope enrichment and two different opacity conditions. We find that the formation of mini-Neptunes is a relatively frequent output when envelope enrichment by volatiles is included, and that there is a \"sweet spot\" for mini-Neptune formation with a relatively low solid accretion rate of ~10^{-6} Earth masses per year. This rate is typical"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1709.04736","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2017-09-14T12:42:29Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"3551fefbae1f9e754a189d0f152226e506582885dc62943b41722d4a74d7b3fe","abstract_canon_sha256":"76f22bd602c918fefc499192d17a7a16cfe2e8d72a0a2123846fa745b67620a4"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:32:05.158512Z","signature_b64":"FgVjoZpQ4gvuLZ4JY5VqrzHx5NmCpfsSYNmDCdSB8RkVf0s73v4rs+hLgnIX/LWbOQU6zNk6EIRL7B/fCkrgCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"affebafa9a6356ab1c5ea96120378ab5c2b575691efecf38e0354e32fe2f7281","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:32:05.157847Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:32:05.157847Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The formation of mini-Neptunes","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","authors_text":"Julia Venturini, Ravit Helled","submitted_at":"2017-09-14T12:42:29Z","abstract_excerpt":"Mini-Neptunes seem to be common planets. In this work we investigate the possible formation histories and predicted occurrence rates of mini-Neptunes assuming the planets form beyond the iceline. We consider pebble and planetesimal accretion accounting for envelope enrichment and two different opacity conditions. We find that the formation of mini-Neptunes is a relatively frequent output when envelope enrichment by volatiles is included, and that there is a \"sweet spot\" for mini-Neptune formation with a relatively low solid accretion rate of ~10^{-6} Earth masses per year. This rate is typical"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1709.04736","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1709.04736","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:32:05.157958+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1709.04736v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:32:05.157958+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1709.04736","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:32:05.157958+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"V77LV6U2MNLK","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:49.984773+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"V77LV6U2MNLKWHC6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:49.984773+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"V77LV6U2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:49.984773+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":1,"internal_anchor_count":1,"sample":[{"citing_arxiv_id":"2510.17955","citing_title":"Sub-Snowline Formation of Gas-Giant Planets in Binary Systems","ref_index":19,"is_internal_anchor":true}]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/V77LV6U2MNLKWHC6VFQSAN4KWX","json":"https://pith.science/pith/V77LV6U2MNLKWHC6VFQSAN4KWX.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/V77LV6U2MNLKWHC6VFQSAN4KWX/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/V77LV6U2MNLKWHC6VFQSAN4KWX/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/V77LV6U2"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/V77LV6U2MNLKWHC6VFQSAN4KWX","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/V77LV6U2MNLKWHC6VFQSAN4KWX.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/V77LV6U2","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=1709.04736&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/V77LV6U2MNLKWHC6VFQSAN4KWX/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/V77LV6U2MNLKWHC6VFQSAN4KWX/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/V77LV6U2MNLKWHC6VFQSAN4KWX/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/V77LV6U2MNLKWHC6VFQSAN4KWX/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/V77LV6U2MNLKWHC6VFQSAN4KWX/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/V77LV6U2MNLKWHC6VFQSAN4KWX/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/V77LV6U2MNLKWHC6VFQSAN4KWX/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:32:05.157958+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-18T00:32:05.157958+00:00"}