{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:VB7PGLSQ7WMAHVDQH3OIAVQTLE","short_pith_number":"pith:VB7PGLSQ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1404.6394","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LO","submitted_at":"2014-04-25T10:58:12Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"757909f55b8609ae4e547fae7830d290bb60eeaf2539d772343102a8b27e9f5f","abstract_canon_sha256":"e5bdfebd368be12a6d2b56f6c5f610e81711fdecffc4078cb4d1ccd57d506fab"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a87ef32e50fd9803d4703edc80561359190ba7eb0509e525188f93243ee0e88e","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1404.6394","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1404.6394","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:53:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1404.6394v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:53:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1404.6394","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:53:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VB7PGLSQ7WMA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VB7PGLSQ7WMAHVDQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VB7PGLSQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:52Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:VB7PGLSQ7WMAHVDQH3OIAVQTLE","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1404.6394","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LO","submitted_at":"2014-04-25T10:58:12Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"757909f55b8609ae4e547fae7830d290bb60eeaf2539d772343102a8b27e9f5f","abstract_canon_sha256":"e5bdfebd368be12a6d2b56f6c5f610e81711fdecffc4078cb4d1ccd57d506fab"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a87ef32e50fd9803d4703edc80561359190ba7eb0509e525188f93243ee0e88e","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:53:16.623586Z","signature_b64":"Df4+gEr+phJeUBUQXAQu14q2wPjxtU4W2nLS/VfuwZ0W7xp63jJBDipYWedhWhpt8fH4TNEUU4xFxx89K4W+Cw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"a87ef32e50fd9803d4703edc80561359190ba7eb0509e525188f93243ee0e88e","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:53:16.622858Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:53:16.622858Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1404.6394","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:53:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"6ELlXkwdqUxvjIgiZOXF3SwfMrcdFCBe9jSiDU6IgF6JM8BfLD7X4faw2l0l/JSCFkIRZvGPWbLU1OypOe+GCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T11:52:11.661413Z"},"content_sha256":"cec980ead981e6034305a15877ea4d758c6703c9a441b431cb99271dbeb58b29","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:cec980ead981e6034305a15877ea4d758c6703c9a441b431cb99271dbeb58b29"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:VB7PGLSQ7WMAHVDQH3OIAVQTLE","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"FO(C) and Related Modelling Paradigms","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.LO","authors_text":"Bart Bogaerts, Jan Van den Bussche, Joost Vennekens, Marc Denecker","submitted_at":"2014-04-25T10:58:12Z","abstract_excerpt":"Recently, C-Log was introduced as a language for modelling causal processes. Its formal semantics has been defined together with introductory examples, but the study of this language is far from finished. In this paper, we compare C-Log to other declarative modelling languages. More specifically, we compare to first-order logic (FO), and argue that C-Log and FO are orthogonal and that their integration, FO(C), is a knowledge representation language that allows for clear and succinct models. We compare FO(C) to E-disjunctive logic programming with the stable semantics, and define a fragment on "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1404.6394","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:53:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"uzSlCXZHQJCeD7qh4z5qnjTGNQarFmoasmMz7U1R2cuFI//ZQWEjiF/pb19d//Z3TxckXBov/dB1SeZboQ1WCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T11:52:11.661759Z"},"content_sha256":"3a80094c56e9cb5984ed99656456f34756aff626b85d55aa9eb59fd1ede3e1e6","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3a80094c56e9cb5984ed99656456f34756aff626b85d55aa9eb59fd1ede3e1e6"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VB7PGLSQ7WMAHVDQH3OIAVQTLE/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VB7PGLSQ7WMAHVDQH3OIAVQTLE/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VB7PGLSQ7WMAHVDQH3OIAVQTLE/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-28T11:52:11Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/VB7PGLSQ7WMAHVDQH3OIAVQTLE","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/VB7PGLSQ7WMAHVDQH3OIAVQTLE/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/VB7PGLSQ7WMAHVDQH3OIAVQTLE/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VB7PGLSQ7WMAHVDQH3OIAVQTLE/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:VB7PGLSQ7WMAHVDQH3OIAVQTLE","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e5bdfebd368be12a6d2b56f6c5f610e81711fdecffc4078cb4d1ccd57d506fab","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LO","submitted_at":"2014-04-25T10:58:12Z","title_canon_sha256":"757909f55b8609ae4e547fae7830d290bb60eeaf2539d772343102a8b27e9f5f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1404.6394","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1404.6394","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:53:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1404.6394v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:53:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1404.6394","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:53:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VB7PGLSQ7WMA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VB7PGLSQ7WMAHVDQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VB7PGLSQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:52Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3a80094c56e9cb5984ed99656456f34756aff626b85d55aa9eb59fd1ede3e1e6","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:53:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Recently, C-Log was introduced as a language for modelling causal processes. Its formal semantics has been defined together with introductory examples, but the study of this language is far from finished. In this paper, we compare C-Log to other declarative modelling languages. More specifically, we compare to first-order logic (FO), and argue that C-Log and FO are orthogonal and that their integration, FO(C), is a knowledge representation language that allows for clear and succinct models. We compare FO(C) to E-disjunctive logic programming with the stable semantics, and define a fragment on ","authors_text":"Bart Bogaerts, Jan Van den Bussche, Joost Vennekens, Marc Denecker","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LO","submitted_at":"2014-04-25T10:58:12Z","title":"FO(C) and Related Modelling Paradigms"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1404.6394","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:cec980ead981e6034305a15877ea4d758c6703c9a441b431cb99271dbeb58b29","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:53:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e5bdfebd368be12a6d2b56f6c5f610e81711fdecffc4078cb4d1ccd57d506fab","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LO","submitted_at":"2014-04-25T10:58:12Z","title_canon_sha256":"757909f55b8609ae4e547fae7830d290bb60eeaf2539d772343102a8b27e9f5f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1404.6394","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"a87ef32e50fd9803d4703edc80561359190ba7eb0509e525188f93243ee0e88e","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"a87ef32e50fd9803d4703edc80561359190ba7eb0509e525188f93243ee0e88e","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:53:16.622858Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:53:16.622858Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Df4+gEr+phJeUBUQXAQu14q2wPjxtU4W2nLS/VfuwZ0W7xp63jJBDipYWedhWhpt8fH4TNEUU4xFxx89K4W+Cw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:53:16.623586Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1404.6394","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:cec980ead981e6034305a15877ea4d758c6703c9a441b431cb99271dbeb58b29","sha256:3a80094c56e9cb5984ed99656456f34756aff626b85d55aa9eb59fd1ede3e1e6"],"state_sha256":"16c634cf83d893c6e03ee33f85392cbe0c00cc79cd2ae7e3f56a58d278154d94"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"AVRIkQA+8GtAnZqMxu/j9B7Dfb1s/8ldVgIRy7/YZbUwiz7YxwFaVzF7IQ65lfzC1Gq/snovqXZrT6RFWNmSBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T11:52:11.663634Z","bundle_sha256":"9a44451cd2124d839d75945244262232bde86eee76738aaa00dc341628c92688"}}