{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2012:VBZU4OH2F2XJAT2LXIIZJDU5VP","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"830dd9ce7658fc79fb75be285224ea4804532844de654dc5ec847cf67a16b9af","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc","hep-ph","hep-th"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2012-04-24T20:00:07Z","title_canon_sha256":"5c30862265bd756986d051d0b77c24da541966a22875b30e76e7870f21e1e488"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1204.5482","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1204.5482","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1204.5482v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1204.5482","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VBZU4OH2F2XJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VBZU4OH2F2XJAT2L","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VBZU4OH2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:25Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:4e3e0adb8d5165b6c3ea919de35768366148ccca1afac931bdd2753101659d47","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:10Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In this mini-review we discuss first why we should investigate cosmological models beyond LCDM. We then show how to describe dark energy or modified gravity models in a fluid language with the help of one background and two perturbation quantities. We review a range of dark energy models and study how they fit into the phenomenological framework, including generalizations like phantom crossing, sound speeds different from c and non-zero anisotropic stress, and how these effective quantities are linked to the underlying physical models. We also discuss the limits of what can be measured with co","authors_text":"Martin Kunz","cross_cats":["gr-qc","hep-ph","hep-th"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2012-04-24T20:00:07Z","title":"The phenomenological approach to modeling the dark energy"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1204.5482","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:75e8f5c47ddcfd1e0128083ba00e90921a2291faccd002e554cee3a643d4b01f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:10Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"830dd9ce7658fc79fb75be285224ea4804532844de654dc5ec847cf67a16b9af","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc","hep-ph","hep-th"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2012-04-24T20:00:07Z","title_canon_sha256":"5c30862265bd756986d051d0b77c24da541966a22875b30e76e7870f21e1e488"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1204.5482","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"a8734e38fa2eae904f4bba11948e9dabcaf3a279dfad4c4e34e5d04203708b1c","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"a8734e38fa2eae904f4bba11948e9dabcaf3a279dfad4c4e34e5d04203708b1c","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:10.583373Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:10.583373Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"PiPyXvyD36z7Az1PV3dd1knPsNr8wNZA4z/qOVrtUTL0DJiSdJjsjJnCOzpC10aANds+Xa9lnMS840AiDKOqCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:10.583798Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1204.5482","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:75e8f5c47ddcfd1e0128083ba00e90921a2291faccd002e554cee3a643d4b01f","sha256:4e3e0adb8d5165b6c3ea919de35768366148ccca1afac931bdd2753101659d47"],"state_sha256":"7d910e595e8303c245961ccb931acd9f76c985df1473d827596134c11538acea"}