{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:VGAJPDPUCR4AR4VSELPLW3WEC5","short_pith_number":"pith:VGAJPDPU","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2304.01433","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2023-04-04T00:52:46Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG","cs.PF"],"title_canon_sha256":"1d6aa874ae7efbf2b884961b72528c45a6e283aa556a84e29d5d48e4230c54b4","abstract_canon_sha256":"9606c2fe4bdb92359d8969d0d0c6c973a164412c12368145a0e51279b032b925"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a980978df4147808f2b222debb6ec41767c562f880ed791d855891f9c04237ca","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2304.01433","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2304.01433","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2304.01433v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2304.01433","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VGAJPDPUCR4A","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VGAJPDPUCR4AR4VS","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VGAJPDPU","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:VGAJPDPUCR4AR4VSELPLW3WEC5","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2304.01433","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2023-04-04T00:52:46Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG","cs.PF"],"title_canon_sha256":"1d6aa874ae7efbf2b884961b72528c45a6e283aa556a84e29d5d48e4230c54b4","abstract_canon_sha256":"9606c2fe4bdb92359d8969d0d0c6c973a164412c12368145a0e51279b032b925"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"a980978df4147808f2b222debb6ec41767c562f880ed791d855891f9c04237ca","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11.875487Z","signature_b64":"SnUv8u3K6M5PtVqupvCUOuwHLFjarp2bpQE9+sFyT7GCEUSwoAGbHyHNnvaorRkhVObF536ycNEcOoDi53xjCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"a980978df4147808f2b222debb6ec41767c562f880ed791d855891f9c04237ca","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11.874990Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11.874990Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2304.01433","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"yRUr3Sq9lDIeS5zDO+GAq7TMWD2DPLyRe2A/c7ebnQRQTdPhoen5sRaJ8ePS2MaSloxNaa9u1CUG+1cxq2ouAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T09:04:51.438466Z"},"content_sha256":"ed46ca995f1fda4a620627c0a704f7eb7506c68631223d427908f55fdba5044e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ed46ca995f1fda4a620627c0a704f7eb7506c68631223d427908f55fdba5044e"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:VGAJPDPUCR4AR4VSELPLW3WEC5","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"TPU v4: An Optically Reconfigurable Supercomputer for Machine Learning with Hardware Support for Embeddings","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG","cs.PF"],"primary_cat":"cs.AR","authors_text":"Andy Swing, Brian Towles, Cliff Young, David Patterson, George Kurian, Lifeng Nai, Nishant Patil, Norman P. Jouppi, Peter Ma, Rahul Nagarajan, Sheng Li, Suvinay Subramanian, Xiang Zhou, Zongwei Zhou","submitted_at":"2023-04-04T00:52:46Z","abstract_excerpt":"In response to innovations in machine learning (ML) models, production workloads changed radically and rapidly. TPU v4 is the fifth Google domain specific architecture (DSA) and its third supercomputer for such ML models. Optical circuit switches (OCSes) dynamically reconfigure its interconnect topology to improve scale, availability, utilization, modularity, deployment, security, power, and performance; users can pick a twisted 3D torus topology if desired. Much cheaper, lower power, and faster than Infiniband, OCSes and underlying optical components are <5% of system cost and <3% of system p"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2304.01433","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2304.01433/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"bGkTZympW+7/tb/BPvXWKgjuUkB3ch2vQYU9+SHrAswPF5c4guYN49b3AJGL6g/uEM/ZRHCQm21rdZo/HK/aDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T09:04:51.439095Z"},"content_sha256":"c8f1346e99ad00eeee239d47947ad22831709a4fc5531ed2559ebb105deef593","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c8f1346e99ad00eeee239d47947ad22831709a4fc5531ed2559ebb105deef593"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VGAJPDPUCR4AR4VSELPLW3WEC5/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VGAJPDPUCR4AR4VSELPLW3WEC5/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VGAJPDPUCR4AR4VSELPLW3WEC5/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-06T09:04:51Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/VGAJPDPUCR4AR4VSELPLW3WEC5","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/VGAJPDPUCR4AR4VSELPLW3WEC5/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/VGAJPDPUCR4AR4VSELPLW3WEC5/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VGAJPDPUCR4AR4VSELPLW3WEC5/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:VGAJPDPUCR4AR4VSELPLW3WEC5","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9606c2fe4bdb92359d8969d0d0c6c973a164412c12368145a0e51279b032b925","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG","cs.PF"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2023-04-04T00:52:46Z","title_canon_sha256":"1d6aa874ae7efbf2b884961b72528c45a6e283aa556a84e29d5d48e4230c54b4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2304.01433","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2304.01433","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2304.01433v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2304.01433","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VGAJPDPUCR4A","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VGAJPDPUCR4AR4VS","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VGAJPDPU","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:c8f1346e99ad00eeee239d47947ad22831709a4fc5531ed2559ebb105deef593","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2304.01433/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In response to innovations in machine learning (ML) models, production workloads changed radically and rapidly. TPU v4 is the fifth Google domain specific architecture (DSA) and its third supercomputer for such ML models. Optical circuit switches (OCSes) dynamically reconfigure its interconnect topology to improve scale, availability, utilization, modularity, deployment, security, power, and performance; users can pick a twisted 3D torus topology if desired. Much cheaper, lower power, and faster than Infiniband, OCSes and underlying optical components are <5% of system cost and <3% of system p","authors_text":"Andy Swing, Brian Towles, Cliff Young, David Patterson, George Kurian, Lifeng Nai, Nishant Patil, Norman P. Jouppi, Peter Ma, Rahul Nagarajan, Sheng Li, Suvinay Subramanian, Xiang Zhou, Zongwei Zhou","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG","cs.PF"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2023-04-04T00:52:46Z","title":"TPU v4: An Optically Reconfigurable Supercomputer for Machine Learning with Hardware Support for Embeddings"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2304.01433","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ed46ca995f1fda4a620627c0a704f7eb7506c68631223d427908f55fdba5044e","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9606c2fe4bdb92359d8969d0d0c6c973a164412c12368145a0e51279b032b925","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG","cs.PF"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2023-04-04T00:52:46Z","title_canon_sha256":"1d6aa874ae7efbf2b884961b72528c45a6e283aa556a84e29d5d48e4230c54b4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2304.01433","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"a980978df4147808f2b222debb6ec41767c562f880ed791d855891f9c04237ca","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"a980978df4147808f2b222debb6ec41767c562f880ed791d855891f9c04237ca","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11.874990Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11.874990Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"SnUv8u3K6M5PtVqupvCUOuwHLFjarp2bpQE9+sFyT7GCEUSwoAGbHyHNnvaorRkhVObF536ycNEcOoDi53xjCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:03:11.875487Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2304.01433","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ed46ca995f1fda4a620627c0a704f7eb7506c68631223d427908f55fdba5044e","sha256:c8f1346e99ad00eeee239d47947ad22831709a4fc5531ed2559ebb105deef593"],"state_sha256":"55e1503194a3fd028009b99730f336740142982fc07c2b1247da4ba61a88ca18"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"OO7yp73iM+lwOzaLLEeavTTuDHnEuqajJ9z09OouzJsXRj0fARKXb1CQSIKUOV1mjNZ66cfMEHFH9xJfOzbzBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T09:04:51.444269Z","bundle_sha256":"7198268da21bc840c091d599c99da616b8fd0b9b59f08d1c49c48a47dc72e8b8"}}