{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:VIXQUA66XRPCZKP2XEIKJATDJK","short_pith_number":"pith:VIXQUA66","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1905.01995","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-04-27T12:57:24Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"c8cf63db9b5943ab2c82e97beaebd143f0d6f1cdb384a29ad61f63c3a68c923c","abstract_canon_sha256":"45978e01d71b1187d336f44a8e2afda6f7c78e67808ed8c3d6dbe96661402afb"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"aa2f0a03debc5e2ca9fab910a482634ab6319205ff28a509e6f3ff8fe12251e7","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1905.01995","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1905.01995","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1905.01995v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1905.01995","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VIXQUA66XRPC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VIXQUA66XRPCZKP2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VIXQUA66","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:30Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:VIXQUA66XRPCZKP2XEIKJATDJK","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1905.01995","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-04-27T12:57:24Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"c8cf63db9b5943ab2c82e97beaebd143f0d6f1cdb384a29ad61f63c3a68c923c","abstract_canon_sha256":"45978e01d71b1187d336f44a8e2afda6f7c78e67808ed8c3d6dbe96661402afb"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"aa2f0a03debc5e2ca9fab910a482634ab6319205ff28a509e6f3ff8fe12251e7","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:56.740033Z","signature_b64":"fn9nFr2Fbh4Qea07FHWEeduGJz5HGWpCE/LPJN8Ur2aNHMdFXKQTEkYzCzsPbmdywWsM4MNejyW6gZL8EezaBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"aa2f0a03debc5e2ca9fab910a482634ab6319205ff28a509e6f3ff8fe12251e7","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:56.739270Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:56.739270Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1905.01995","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:56Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"8awhlI6p6qUW1HEQkdrbuUNhXrovaJt2Su6ZSLJV+48Ql+iojuFzSUE30ZHoYF+c3d2TqoSRebidtI+1JxFZAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T10:15:00.721631Z"},"content_sha256":"923c876b180173e28e3c7a9cfd8da3bcf8ef8f738172500d06b006428e4ae122","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:923c876b180173e28e3c7a9cfd8da3bcf8ef8f738172500d06b006428e4ae122"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:VIXQUA66XRPCZKP2XEIKJATDJK","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Using Context Information to Enhance Simple Question Answering","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Jianwen Xiang, Lin Li, Mengjing Zhang, Zhaohui Chao","submitted_at":"2019-04-27T12:57:24Z","abstract_excerpt":"With the rapid development of knowledge bases(KBs),question answering(QA)based on KBs has become a hot research issue. In this paper,we propose two frameworks(i.e.,pipeline framework,an end-to-end framework)to focus answering single-relation factoid question. In both of two frameworks,we study the effect of context information on the quality of QA,such as the entity's notable type,out-degree. In the end-to-end framework,we combine char-level encoding and self-attention mechanisms,using weight sharing and multi-task strategies to enhance the accuracy of QA. Experimental results show that contex"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1905.01995","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:56Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"50Ygjag7aUFk9n+7Tp0wroUw/fPowIIJ4WwEPptnJGVLUL64xz9ipXN23wIHZrQwWQq+gGl4a2SFus0IHc2JCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T10:15:00.722191Z"},"content_sha256":"1c0af4653151567573e5d785e40d7773130c8b33e890bfa28c50f2c31a19b20b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1c0af4653151567573e5d785e40d7773130c8b33e890bfa28c50f2c31a19b20b"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VIXQUA66XRPCZKP2XEIKJATDJK/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VIXQUA66XRPCZKP2XEIKJATDJK/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VIXQUA66XRPCZKP2XEIKJATDJK/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-27T10:15:00Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/VIXQUA66XRPCZKP2XEIKJATDJK","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/VIXQUA66XRPCZKP2XEIKJATDJK/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/VIXQUA66XRPCZKP2XEIKJATDJK/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VIXQUA66XRPCZKP2XEIKJATDJK/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:VIXQUA66XRPCZKP2XEIKJATDJK","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"45978e01d71b1187d336f44a8e2afda6f7c78e67808ed8c3d6dbe96661402afb","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-04-27T12:57:24Z","title_canon_sha256":"c8cf63db9b5943ab2c82e97beaebd143f0d6f1cdb384a29ad61f63c3a68c923c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1905.01995","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1905.01995","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1905.01995v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1905.01995","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VIXQUA66XRPC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VIXQUA66XRPCZKP2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VIXQUA66","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:30Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:1c0af4653151567573e5d785e40d7773130c8b33e890bfa28c50f2c31a19b20b","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:56Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"With the rapid development of knowledge bases(KBs),question answering(QA)based on KBs has become a hot research issue. In this paper,we propose two frameworks(i.e.,pipeline framework,an end-to-end framework)to focus answering single-relation factoid question. In both of two frameworks,we study the effect of context information on the quality of QA,such as the entity's notable type,out-degree. In the end-to-end framework,we combine char-level encoding and self-attention mechanisms,using weight sharing and multi-task strategies to enhance the accuracy of QA. Experimental results show that contex","authors_text":"Jianwen Xiang, Lin Li, Mengjing Zhang, Zhaohui Chao","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-04-27T12:57:24Z","title":"Using Context Information to Enhance Simple Question Answering"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1905.01995","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:923c876b180173e28e3c7a9cfd8da3bcf8ef8f738172500d06b006428e4ae122","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:56Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"45978e01d71b1187d336f44a8e2afda6f7c78e67808ed8c3d6dbe96661402afb","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-04-27T12:57:24Z","title_canon_sha256":"c8cf63db9b5943ab2c82e97beaebd143f0d6f1cdb384a29ad61f63c3a68c923c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1905.01995","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"aa2f0a03debc5e2ca9fab910a482634ab6319205ff28a509e6f3ff8fe12251e7","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"aa2f0a03debc5e2ca9fab910a482634ab6319205ff28a509e6f3ff8fe12251e7","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:56.739270Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:56.739270Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"fn9nFr2Fbh4Qea07FHWEeduGJz5HGWpCE/LPJN8Ur2aNHMdFXKQTEkYzCzsPbmdywWsM4MNejyW6gZL8EezaBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:46:56.740033Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1905.01995","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:923c876b180173e28e3c7a9cfd8da3bcf8ef8f738172500d06b006428e4ae122","sha256:1c0af4653151567573e5d785e40d7773130c8b33e890bfa28c50f2c31a19b20b"],"state_sha256":"649f53622c9724d2265680b4fb41b8d9d963a271c0181ffd8fd8c893d9570741"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"osx6z8f9uEsgetbavLa1TPnMlWZ5uCzay0uPJgRgJvGzhyIrUZRUoCfoQgZV4E9e3oxj8oBPB138F2xi9LW3Cw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T10:15:00.724927Z","bundle_sha256":"acf059e5f0f70f59ad727649a23f9a0f9dbe5ca0e4562990104d4900b3c204da"}}