{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:VK3W5C5JN4I2FXBMD54CIHWHMO","short_pith_number":"pith:VK3W5C5J","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2209.11830","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-09-23T19:51:46Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"586c5df7925ac15e814a913f0f53c45e2be4b1f21fb5d387f2075e6a49e90d3c","abstract_canon_sha256":"e9ca1926a60417586f2891f582069b67d653903de658e6dc310e6312dc46d941"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"aab76e8ba96f11a2dc2c1f78241ec763b06e9f2e86f25c7adcd5fd5d2168aa4f","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2209.11830","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2209.11830","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2209.11830v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2209.11830","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VK3W5C5JN4I2","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VK3W5C5JN4I2FXBM","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VK3W5C5J","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:VK3W5C5JN4I2FXBMD54CIHWHMO","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2209.11830","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-09-23T19:51:46Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"586c5df7925ac15e814a913f0f53c45e2be4b1f21fb5d387f2075e6a49e90d3c","abstract_canon_sha256":"e9ca1926a60417586f2891f582069b67d653903de658e6dc310e6312dc46d941"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"aab76e8ba96f11a2dc2c1f78241ec763b06e9f2e86f25c7adcd5fd5d2168aa4f","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28.097731Z","signature_b64":"w8pkdsA58+yNZm73Ivn1fL4abbiZ76p+n+/ewLaBiQ3Fk0Yh5+1bTehAJcvhTiC91vnEO5OigPStmP5deXQlCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"aab76e8ba96f11a2dc2c1f78241ec763b06e9f2e86f25c7adcd5fd5d2168aa4f","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28.097276Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28.097276Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2209.11830","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"i1F5MuJdyTSpSkTPecvW1fVKMZg7IJoyuDq0984p8Qb97B8wXRdwY8VDJqu7++/1CZMzLcYKv2R+hy4N99UPDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T12:49:31.118523Z"},"content_sha256":"7f03f88de9d8727b993dff78a5208debf7e68e211124357f7879efddc37ad397","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7f03f88de9d8727b993dff78a5208debf7e68e211124357f7879efddc37ad397"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:VK3W5C5JN4I2FXBMD54CIHWHMO","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Multiple-Choice Question Generation: Towards an Automated Assessment Framework","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Mark Gales, Vatsal Raina","submitted_at":"2022-09-23T19:51:46Z","abstract_excerpt":"Automated question generation is an important approach to enable personalisation of English comprehension assessment. Recently, transformer-based pretrained language models have demonstrated the ability to produce appropriate questions from a context paragraph. Typically, these systems are evaluated against a reference set of manually generated questions using n-gram based metrics, or manual qualitative assessment. Here, we focus on a fully automated multiple-choice question generation (MCQG) system where both the question and possible answers must be generated from the context paragraph. Appl"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2209.11830","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2209.11830/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"koRIAa8P2vWRqeZ4gd7sJVqOnyhqwsT0HoDQMaXaKCVJa7Ps+jljSEBpGuDLMzxpPEKczQcpGBQ2s0kC984YBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T12:49:31.119024Z"},"content_sha256":"a1fba19494b4f28c61f156c53c8958482bd957a739e5b38fa31206638e46afdd","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a1fba19494b4f28c61f156c53c8958482bd957a739e5b38fa31206638e46afdd"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VK3W5C5JN4I2FXBMD54CIHWHMO/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VK3W5C5JN4I2FXBMD54CIHWHMO/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VK3W5C5JN4I2FXBMD54CIHWHMO/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-16T12:49:31Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/VK3W5C5JN4I2FXBMD54CIHWHMO","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/VK3W5C5JN4I2FXBMD54CIHWHMO/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/VK3W5C5JN4I2FXBMD54CIHWHMO/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VK3W5C5JN4I2FXBMD54CIHWHMO/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:VK3W5C5JN4I2FXBMD54CIHWHMO","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e9ca1926a60417586f2891f582069b67d653903de658e6dc310e6312dc46d941","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-09-23T19:51:46Z","title_canon_sha256":"586c5df7925ac15e814a913f0f53c45e2be4b1f21fb5d387f2075e6a49e90d3c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2209.11830","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2209.11830","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2209.11830v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2209.11830","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VK3W5C5JN4I2","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VK3W5C5JN4I2FXBM","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VK3W5C5J","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:a1fba19494b4f28c61f156c53c8958482bd957a739e5b38fa31206638e46afdd","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2209.11830/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Automated question generation is an important approach to enable personalisation of English comprehension assessment. Recently, transformer-based pretrained language models have demonstrated the ability to produce appropriate questions from a context paragraph. Typically, these systems are evaluated against a reference set of manually generated questions using n-gram based metrics, or manual qualitative assessment. Here, we focus on a fully automated multiple-choice question generation (MCQG) system where both the question and possible answers must be generated from the context paragraph. Appl","authors_text":"Mark Gales, Vatsal Raina","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-09-23T19:51:46Z","title":"Multiple-Choice Question Generation: Towards an Automated Assessment Framework"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2209.11830","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7f03f88de9d8727b993dff78a5208debf7e68e211124357f7879efddc37ad397","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e9ca1926a60417586f2891f582069b67d653903de658e6dc310e6312dc46d941","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-09-23T19:51:46Z","title_canon_sha256":"586c5df7925ac15e814a913f0f53c45e2be4b1f21fb5d387f2075e6a49e90d3c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2209.11830","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"aab76e8ba96f11a2dc2c1f78241ec763b06e9f2e86f25c7adcd5fd5d2168aa4f","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"aab76e8ba96f11a2dc2c1f78241ec763b06e9f2e86f25c7adcd5fd5d2168aa4f","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28.097276Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28.097276Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"w8pkdsA58+yNZm73Ivn1fL4abbiZ76p+n+/ewLaBiQ3Fk0Yh5+1bTehAJcvhTiC91vnEO5OigPStmP5deXQlCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:00:28.097731Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2209.11830","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7f03f88de9d8727b993dff78a5208debf7e68e211124357f7879efddc37ad397","sha256:a1fba19494b4f28c61f156c53c8958482bd957a739e5b38fa31206638e46afdd"],"state_sha256":"c2527031a2155544c3aac4178b3a54fd06d0099e4cdc649999b88809d6ed0f15"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"VPl7MocRsGl4Q0fEOwFCrTWd7EGbYQoKQYDeKcg79ANlIP95o1+XsS8oXRr7bKqUzZ1fQcC7aLuCswZEgrt8Ag==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T12:49:31.123964Z","bundle_sha256":"c68495783b8bd9f0cd74a8f1049d15db2017f868edfaf2b03d90c9895ccf763c"}}