{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:VL4ZLV6AAJIT6PCA3CYZFCMLOH","short_pith_number":"pith:VL4ZLV6A","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2204.14156","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2022-04-29T15:21:52Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.AP"],"title_canon_sha256":"bc9b52c8bb25f847c5593f76c2c7b35265ef82df8869f0cefbb15a87d66e2dbe","abstract_canon_sha256":"f5e90afaa801657be3b8e617ca2946f158d3ca4a024aec5ffad9b46753f6e1b1"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"aaf995d7c002513f3c40d8b192898b71c18745d110452fe6e266d1f34b502ca6","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2204.14156","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2204.14156","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2204.14156v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2204.14156","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VL4ZLV6AAJIT","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VL4ZLV6AAJIT6PCA","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VL4ZLV6A","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:VL4ZLV6AAJIT6PCA3CYZFCMLOH","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2204.14156","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2022-04-29T15:21:52Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.AP"],"title_canon_sha256":"bc9b52c8bb25f847c5593f76c2c7b35265ef82df8869f0cefbb15a87d66e2dbe","abstract_canon_sha256":"f5e90afaa801657be3b8e617ca2946f158d3ca4a024aec5ffad9b46753f6e1b1"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"aaf995d7c002513f3c40d8b192898b71c18745d110452fe6e266d1f34b502ca6","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58.051296Z","signature_b64":"n0B4R9djVzICeJkvKlE5bH1nqUHDWi9JEJmNL19knD+zt9S/0vqgXlKL4oishvdq7nGY9YfYVUjqAHPpdd7XAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"aaf995d7c002513f3c40d8b192898b71c18745d110452fe6e266d1f34b502ca6","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58.050868Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58.050868Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2204.14156","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"LttqTH1GDZJ2bPxdVl8JTWKoKNv0pMNyFTPkr8000HU0pCQ5QSE+mCMkxZs7hY74tRkj1iotnn1M6YIUE9v1Dw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T10:28:43.098835Z"},"content_sha256":"1f29e5b3554e56fdf41b009017d34566b99acd2175124f5e4374c7c138ea34e7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1f29e5b3554e56fdf41b009017d34566b99acd2175124f5e4374c7c138ea34e7"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:VL4ZLV6AAJIT6PCA3CYZFCMLOH","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Redefining Populations of Inference for Generalizations from Small Studies","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["stat.AP"],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Jimin Oh, Katherine J. Wilson, Wendy Chan","submitted_at":"2022-04-29T15:21:52Z","abstract_excerpt":"With the growth in experimental studies in education, policymakers and practitioners are interested in understanding not only what works, but for whom an intervention works. This interest in the generalizability of a study's findings has benefited from advances in statistical methods that aim to improve generalizations, particularly when the original study sample is not randomly selected. A challenge, however, is that generalizations are frequently based on small study samples. Limited data affects both the precision and bias of treatment impact estimates, calling into question the validity of"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2204.14156","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2204.14156/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"aCJkkN85o26V1vLM17YDliAEXgMOVVMUS62V54A9iPp3OfN049lJdbS5aBB6M5NXUfyw581wKIWFKM2ePU5IDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T10:28:43.099216Z"},"content_sha256":"a58da2babd3ecbafd02ddf1a1a93e3a2228ee67567fda7c47641d857982da0b7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a58da2babd3ecbafd02ddf1a1a93e3a2228ee67567fda7c47641d857982da0b7"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VL4ZLV6AAJIT6PCA3CYZFCMLOH/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VL4ZLV6AAJIT6PCA3CYZFCMLOH/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VL4ZLV6AAJIT6PCA3CYZFCMLOH/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-21T10:28:43Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/VL4ZLV6AAJIT6PCA3CYZFCMLOH","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/VL4ZLV6AAJIT6PCA3CYZFCMLOH/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/VL4ZLV6AAJIT6PCA3CYZFCMLOH/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VL4ZLV6AAJIT6PCA3CYZFCMLOH/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:VL4ZLV6AAJIT6PCA3CYZFCMLOH","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f5e90afaa801657be3b8e617ca2946f158d3ca4a024aec5ffad9b46753f6e1b1","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.AP"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2022-04-29T15:21:52Z","title_canon_sha256":"bc9b52c8bb25f847c5593f76c2c7b35265ef82df8869f0cefbb15a87d66e2dbe"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2204.14156","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2204.14156","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2204.14156v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2204.14156","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VL4ZLV6AAJIT","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VL4ZLV6AAJIT6PCA","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VL4ZLV6A","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:a58da2babd3ecbafd02ddf1a1a93e3a2228ee67567fda7c47641d857982da0b7","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2204.14156/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"With the growth in experimental studies in education, policymakers and practitioners are interested in understanding not only what works, but for whom an intervention works. This interest in the generalizability of a study's findings has benefited from advances in statistical methods that aim to improve generalizations, particularly when the original study sample is not randomly selected. A challenge, however, is that generalizations are frequently based on small study samples. Limited data affects both the precision and bias of treatment impact estimates, calling into question the validity of","authors_text":"Jimin Oh, Katherine J. Wilson, Wendy Chan","cross_cats":["stat.AP"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2022-04-29T15:21:52Z","title":"Redefining Populations of Inference for Generalizations from Small Studies"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2204.14156","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:1f29e5b3554e56fdf41b009017d34566b99acd2175124f5e4374c7c138ea34e7","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f5e90afaa801657be3b8e617ca2946f158d3ca4a024aec5ffad9b46753f6e1b1","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.AP"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2022-04-29T15:21:52Z","title_canon_sha256":"bc9b52c8bb25f847c5593f76c2c7b35265ef82df8869f0cefbb15a87d66e2dbe"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2204.14156","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"aaf995d7c002513f3c40d8b192898b71c18745d110452fe6e266d1f34b502ca6","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"aaf995d7c002513f3c40d8b192898b71c18745d110452fe6e266d1f34b502ca6","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58.050868Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58.050868Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"n0B4R9djVzICeJkvKlE5bH1nqUHDWi9JEJmNL19knD+zt9S/0vqgXlKL4oishvdq7nGY9YfYVUjqAHPpdd7XAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:18:58.051296Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2204.14156","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:1f29e5b3554e56fdf41b009017d34566b99acd2175124f5e4374c7c138ea34e7","sha256:a58da2babd3ecbafd02ddf1a1a93e3a2228ee67567fda7c47641d857982da0b7"],"state_sha256":"415a2e6c52563060da96b2119197d16b1a66eb527c72a8c960132566c8460abc"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"X5pDcnKHu2yKie7gPf2IZYiQur3GcUIIlChRX5druuxraid+C1JNPyVt7CeDiq1vxGHsAw9ICCsDsYXa0PJTAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T10:28:43.103278Z","bundle_sha256":"3537c486f37feae539040017660ff49c4631183f4da88f3bebb8f5c1e9e4482f"}}