{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:VM65AAA7FSDR7AJLPRH337LTDG","short_pith_number":"pith:VM65AAA7","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1910.02998","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2019-10-07T18:33:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":["hep-th","quant-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"6401381d3523d6cc344c2f3fdc8f1c5758828aa7ef19df271c35cde56a2a294b","abstract_canon_sha256":"7e43477e9167cd78bf9fed00b4da533353ae90e3ff3adddb1cbfa0cc62a6059f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ab3dd0001f2c871f812b7c4fbdfd73199b0ddc21ee14bc6e69d952e2ecbe1ca0","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1910.02998","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1910.02998","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1910.02998v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1910.02998","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VM65AAA7FSDR","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VM65AAA7FSDR7AJL","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VM65AAA7","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:VM65AAA7FSDR7AJLPRH337LTDG","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1910.02998","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2019-10-07T18:33:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":["hep-th","quant-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"6401381d3523d6cc344c2f3fdc8f1c5758828aa7ef19df271c35cde56a2a294b","abstract_canon_sha256":"7e43477e9167cd78bf9fed00b4da533353ae90e3ff3adddb1cbfa0cc62a6059f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ab3dd0001f2c871f812b7c4fbdfd73199b0ddc21ee14bc6e69d952e2ecbe1ca0","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48.377657Z","signature_b64":"aJH65KJoLNpPFNlF5DGwuT69blZM3LIGk7Dip19OHtEjI4bvloI8zkt98J4FPe5xnEDi1AKDgkyFN1aFUYRACQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"ab3dd0001f2c871f812b7c4fbdfd73199b0ddc21ee14bc6e69d952e2ecbe1ca0","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48.377254Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48.377254Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1910.02998","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"WlrumPKRo45I5OOoKDQUZs/EmoYKaQ/GLvWFmY9mlnRljg888jWGa0cQ/4Eu7gl1Tg4UEVzHHsMOLvYYqU3gCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T16:38:18.639022Z"},"content_sha256":"ac98aa1690a39922f37a496e3bb283eb811375255aeb06cc051550e1efa38056","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ac98aa1690a39922f37a496e3bb283eb811375255aeb06cc051550e1efa38056"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:VM65AAA7FSDR7AJLPRH337LTDG","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Construction of quantum Dirac observables and the emergence of WKB time","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["hep-th","quant-ph"],"primary_cat":"gr-qc","authors_text":"Leonardo Chataignier","submitted_at":"2019-10-07T18:33:10Z","abstract_excerpt":"We describe a method of construction of gauge-invariant operators (Dirac observables or ``evolving constants of motion'') from the knowledge of the eigenstates of the gauge generator in time-reparametrization invariant mechanical systems. These invariant operators evolve unitarily with respect to an arbitrarily chosen time variable. We emphasize that the dynamics is relational, both in the classical and quantum theories. In this framework, we show how the ``emergent Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin time'' often employed in quantum cosmology arises from a weak-coupling expansion of invariant transitio"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1910.02998","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1910.02998/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Lgw/RTGLvZXb5pybwIR9Ryi7i0+hNWoML6FyclAytHfC8j7IehC4+VC17NmFZWPUOVkgZMqBZ3JaLRMdbxOICQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T16:38:18.639564Z"},"content_sha256":"ca5482010249fd6d2efed322d929df1b603942e10662a458769a6da613089406","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ca5482010249fd6d2efed322d929df1b603942e10662a458769a6da613089406"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VM65AAA7FSDR7AJLPRH337LTDG/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VM65AAA7FSDR7AJLPRH337LTDG/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VM65AAA7FSDR7AJLPRH337LTDG/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-08T16:38:18Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/VM65AAA7FSDR7AJLPRH337LTDG","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/VM65AAA7FSDR7AJLPRH337LTDG/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/VM65AAA7FSDR7AJLPRH337LTDG/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VM65AAA7FSDR7AJLPRH337LTDG/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:VM65AAA7FSDR7AJLPRH337LTDG","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7e43477e9167cd78bf9fed00b4da533353ae90e3ff3adddb1cbfa0cc62a6059f","cross_cats_sorted":["hep-th","quant-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2019-10-07T18:33:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"6401381d3523d6cc344c2f3fdc8f1c5758828aa7ef19df271c35cde56a2a294b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1910.02998","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1910.02998","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1910.02998v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1910.02998","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VM65AAA7FSDR","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VM65AAA7FSDR7AJL","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VM65AAA7","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:ca5482010249fd6d2efed322d929df1b603942e10662a458769a6da613089406","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1910.02998/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We describe a method of construction of gauge-invariant operators (Dirac observables or ``evolving constants of motion'') from the knowledge of the eigenstates of the gauge generator in time-reparametrization invariant mechanical systems. These invariant operators evolve unitarily with respect to an arbitrarily chosen time variable. We emphasize that the dynamics is relational, both in the classical and quantum theories. In this framework, we show how the ``emergent Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin time'' often employed in quantum cosmology arises from a weak-coupling expansion of invariant transitio","authors_text":"Leonardo Chataignier","cross_cats":["hep-th","quant-ph"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2019-10-07T18:33:10Z","title":"Construction of quantum Dirac observables and the emergence of WKB time"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1910.02998","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ac98aa1690a39922f37a496e3bb283eb811375255aeb06cc051550e1efa38056","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7e43477e9167cd78bf9fed00b4da533353ae90e3ff3adddb1cbfa0cc62a6059f","cross_cats_sorted":["hep-th","quant-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2019-10-07T18:33:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"6401381d3523d6cc344c2f3fdc8f1c5758828aa7ef19df271c35cde56a2a294b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1910.02998","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"ab3dd0001f2c871f812b7c4fbdfd73199b0ddc21ee14bc6e69d952e2ecbe1ca0","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"ab3dd0001f2c871f812b7c4fbdfd73199b0ddc21ee14bc6e69d952e2ecbe1ca0","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48.377254Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48.377254Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"aJH65KJoLNpPFNlF5DGwuT69blZM3LIGk7Dip19OHtEjI4bvloI8zkt98J4FPe5xnEDi1AKDgkyFN1aFUYRACQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:52:48.377657Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1910.02998","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ac98aa1690a39922f37a496e3bb283eb811375255aeb06cc051550e1efa38056","sha256:ca5482010249fd6d2efed322d929df1b603942e10662a458769a6da613089406"],"state_sha256":"c266dffcaa8c34dfe38dc7abaa59d7ef5238b37daa42a78932b6ecfb3d4fa840"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"2l+ZRnBz6UFc326LZkLZQm3NPn0Dk2B2vd2ktdtbhHfglilCaSDSCQgjkGp40txiR0PIvCPYQekMVw/iAJ1sDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T16:38:18.643863Z","bundle_sha256":"e0fa78ed6600012ec163923d3ccbc2b434d65c2eaa9e18232ce2e11e6f42ed65"}}