{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:VRZ7KJDSXUVEUSTEBP3NCB73YV","short_pith_number":"pith:VRZ7KJDS","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1807.01750","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2018-07-04T19:17:36Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"a7eee0fe83345097f0a7d759aa9f61aff2a3aea5d4a17972ac46546c39ca1bc9","abstract_canon_sha256":"ff5f392f68c46316d0b5c9ac4a39747e9c8d1357eae1129b189f8d9b1a20fca8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ac73f52472bd2a4a4a640bf6d107fbc575483cdc81703073972f982712f8cde4","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1807.01750","version":4},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1807.01750","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1807.01750v4","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1807.01750","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VRZ7KJDSXUVE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VRZ7KJDSXUVEUSTE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VRZ7KJDS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:59Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:VRZ7KJDSXUVEUSTEBP3NCB73YV","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1807.01750","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2018-07-04T19:17:36Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"a7eee0fe83345097f0a7d759aa9f61aff2a3aea5d4a17972ac46546c39ca1bc9","abstract_canon_sha256":"ff5f392f68c46316d0b5c9ac4a39747e9c8d1357eae1129b189f8d9b1a20fca8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ac73f52472bd2a4a4a640bf6d107fbc575483cdc81703073972f982712f8cde4","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:34.627015Z","signature_b64":"a13KPoUB/VaKVf4fb9XPbEXh3+a6MYEkXcvDO3oYQGX2xIxnYLLnK6jjlIdEbqCpOyTERr9Dgk3AOQdPAonPAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"ac73f52472bd2a4a4a640bf6d107fbc575483cdc81703073972f982712f8cde4","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:34.626499Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:34.626499Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1807.01750","source_version":4,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"5rRvk9UkPF5lm8dHv5OXdKfMXJmw5Sdh+IyLNxusbPQkOB/L3N6z6RMaDXG38moafiV7XD4sVLB26QltSTagBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T23:36:17.607155Z"},"content_sha256":"ca0220e02fe8321ebe91e77ada5a3836a97553df7edcdcc8f397d8eadae51eee","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ca0220e02fe8321ebe91e77ada5a3836a97553df7edcdcc8f397d8eadae51eee"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:VRZ7KJDSXUVEUSTEBP3NCB73YV","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Understanding and Accelerating Particle-Based Variational Inference","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"stat.ML","authors_text":"Chang Liu, Jingwei Zhuo, Jun Zhu, Lawrence Carin, Pengyu Cheng, Ruiyi Zhang","submitted_at":"2018-07-04T19:17:36Z","abstract_excerpt":"Particle-based variational inference methods (ParVIs) have gained attention in the Bayesian inference literature, for their capacity to yield flexible and accurate approximations. We explore ParVIs from the perspective of Wasserstein gradient flows, and make both theoretical and practical contributions. We unify various finite-particle approximations that existing ParVIs use, and recognize that the approximation is essentially a compulsory smoothing treatment, in either of two equivalent forms. This novel understanding reveals the assumptions and relations of existing ParVIs, and also inspires"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1807.01750","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"wr9Yi3pdsms5OtSJEQgmL4/SXLnttFngrqTlevFXkXmvMocRlO1Eu/g8zm/qnlRNi1+x5DnhvNkwQ/WA9MgWAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T23:36:17.607956Z"},"content_sha256":"e2cff26af8294c00e6dcf6dba104de8a85b8bcb8b216ece314c1b81b1eff11e7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e2cff26af8294c00e6dcf6dba104de8a85b8bcb8b216ece314c1b81b1eff11e7"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VRZ7KJDSXUVEUSTEBP3NCB73YV/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VRZ7KJDSXUVEUSTEBP3NCB73YV/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VRZ7KJDSXUVEUSTEBP3NCB73YV/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-30T23:36:17Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/VRZ7KJDSXUVEUSTEBP3NCB73YV","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/VRZ7KJDSXUVEUSTEBP3NCB73YV/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/VRZ7KJDSXUVEUSTEBP3NCB73YV/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VRZ7KJDSXUVEUSTEBP3NCB73YV/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:VRZ7KJDSXUVEUSTEBP3NCB73YV","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ff5f392f68c46316d0b5c9ac4a39747e9c8d1357eae1129b189f8d9b1a20fca8","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2018-07-04T19:17:36Z","title_canon_sha256":"a7eee0fe83345097f0a7d759aa9f61aff2a3aea5d4a17972ac46546c39ca1bc9"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1807.01750","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1807.01750","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1807.01750v4","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1807.01750","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VRZ7KJDSXUVE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VRZ7KJDSXUVEUSTE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VRZ7KJDS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:59Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:e2cff26af8294c00e6dcf6dba104de8a85b8bcb8b216ece314c1b81b1eff11e7","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Particle-based variational inference methods (ParVIs) have gained attention in the Bayesian inference literature, for their capacity to yield flexible and accurate approximations. We explore ParVIs from the perspective of Wasserstein gradient flows, and make both theoretical and practical contributions. We unify various finite-particle approximations that existing ParVIs use, and recognize that the approximation is essentially a compulsory smoothing treatment, in either of two equivalent forms. This novel understanding reveals the assumptions and relations of existing ParVIs, and also inspires","authors_text":"Chang Liu, Jingwei Zhuo, Jun Zhu, Lawrence Carin, Pengyu Cheng, Ruiyi Zhang","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2018-07-04T19:17:36Z","title":"Understanding and Accelerating Particle-Based Variational Inference"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1807.01750","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ca0220e02fe8321ebe91e77ada5a3836a97553df7edcdcc8f397d8eadae51eee","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ff5f392f68c46316d0b5c9ac4a39747e9c8d1357eae1129b189f8d9b1a20fca8","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2018-07-04T19:17:36Z","title_canon_sha256":"a7eee0fe83345097f0a7d759aa9f61aff2a3aea5d4a17972ac46546c39ca1bc9"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1807.01750","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"canonical_sha256":"ac73f52472bd2a4a4a640bf6d107fbc575483cdc81703073972f982712f8cde4","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"ac73f52472bd2a4a4a640bf6d107fbc575483cdc81703073972f982712f8cde4","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:34.626499Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:34.626499Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"a13KPoUB/VaKVf4fb9XPbEXh3+a6MYEkXcvDO3oYQGX2xIxnYLLnK6jjlIdEbqCpOyTERr9Dgk3AOQdPAonPAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:40:34.627015Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1807.01750","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":4}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ca0220e02fe8321ebe91e77ada5a3836a97553df7edcdcc8f397d8eadae51eee","sha256:e2cff26af8294c00e6dcf6dba104de8a85b8bcb8b216ece314c1b81b1eff11e7"],"state_sha256":"c194545520eb8fa4d214c5d1ad411d5dcc0c065831eaab256c73f220a0f84719"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"JSpVKmQYXhkyY986H3Uli34UUK4OZLu11Go7IzFtVitB8JEVGawyStTgUvDAfrWsxPFxCakBA3hUvZVMrVJVBw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T23:36:17.614101Z","bundle_sha256":"97c5e668941de90b06f102824f48948b53bb9555686a73edcee5102d6928ee8e"}}