{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:VWOTQDKLIX4L3AI5A2BNS5GI2X","short_pith_number":"pith:VWOTQDKL","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2407.01873","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-07-02T01:17:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"38505b5c1d953e7cf7693a599967c2f22ceab0a83ebbecc274e07ead30f7f31c","abstract_canon_sha256":"4184918eb68ae82873d8ba918aa14d83303b6842eaf4f8e220f3b95ca70ef47b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ad9d380d4b45f8bd811d0682d974c8d5e16c34b97be929e61ef5d8be83abf3ac","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2407.01873","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2407.01873","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2407.01873v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2407.01873","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VWOTQDKLIX4L","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VWOTQDKLIX4L3AI5","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VWOTQDKL","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:VWOTQDKLIX4L3AI5A2BNS5GI2X","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2407.01873","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-07-02T01:17:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"38505b5c1d953e7cf7693a599967c2f22ceab0a83ebbecc274e07ead30f7f31c","abstract_canon_sha256":"4184918eb68ae82873d8ba918aa14d83303b6842eaf4f8e220f3b95ca70ef47b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"ad9d380d4b45f8bd811d0682d974c8d5e16c34b97be929e61ef5d8be83abf3ac","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06.516042Z","signature_b64":"58SnjKieebGP8Hy1IBGXYtPsSfHYfvP6N5Y8nDdKboxAn4yIlqQMZtyNK8+Lgl7Ts9wkZYtnnwAjzpd2+PQsCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"ad9d380d4b45f8bd811d0682d974c8d5e16c34b97be929e61ef5d8be83abf3ac","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06.515557Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06.515557Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2407.01873","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"x625Xi7lq4/ksmGZheVszQ/OFBgVALyncssOm28zwwE8jrTiOT6M5S7Zh2VCH8NiJ4XiCG6Bq4LYhxlUvjXZDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T23:53:41.818252Z"},"content_sha256":"9ed14b85a86f7fa664fd051763575d2b0e1d2e68edd0d0e8f4a04f671bae834d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9ed14b85a86f7fa664fd051763575d2b0e1d2e68edd0d0e8f4a04f671bae834d"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:VWOTQDKLIX4L3AI5A2BNS5GI2X","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Automated Text Scoring in the Age of Generative AI for the GPU-poor","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Alexander Kwako, Christopher Michael Ormerod","submitted_at":"2024-07-02T01:17:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"Current research on generative language models (GLMs) for automated text scoring (ATS) has focused almost exclusively on querying proprietary models via Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). Yet such practices raise issues around transparency and security, and these methods offer little in the way of efficiency or customizability. With the recent proliferation of smaller, open-source models, there is the option to explore GLMs with computers equipped with modest, consumer-grade hardware, that is, for the \"GPU poor.\" In this study, we analyze the performance and efficiency of open-source, "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2407.01873","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2407.01873/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"BgrVrO79sH04K07+VNCD+45WYSuyUaWNUURxGx604UZTaI7lY+lIGTj36hVfH4V0bjExvlbSOvuu+Dt+W0SZAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T23:53:41.818754Z"},"content_sha256":"5172e42c6aea01c9572185d7d35ccca01bf46aee7e7011320bda3553eeedcffe","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:5172e42c6aea01c9572185d7d35ccca01bf46aee7e7011320bda3553eeedcffe"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VWOTQDKLIX4L3AI5A2BNS5GI2X/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VWOTQDKLIX4L3AI5A2BNS5GI2X/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VWOTQDKLIX4L3AI5A2BNS5GI2X/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-08T23:53:41Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/VWOTQDKLIX4L3AI5A2BNS5GI2X","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/VWOTQDKLIX4L3AI5A2BNS5GI2X/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/VWOTQDKLIX4L3AI5A2BNS5GI2X/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VWOTQDKLIX4L3AI5A2BNS5GI2X/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:VWOTQDKLIX4L3AI5A2BNS5GI2X","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4184918eb68ae82873d8ba918aa14d83303b6842eaf4f8e220f3b95ca70ef47b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-07-02T01:17:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"38505b5c1d953e7cf7693a599967c2f22ceab0a83ebbecc274e07ead30f7f31c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2407.01873","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2407.01873","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2407.01873v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2407.01873","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VWOTQDKLIX4L","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VWOTQDKLIX4L3AI5","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VWOTQDKL","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:5172e42c6aea01c9572185d7d35ccca01bf46aee7e7011320bda3553eeedcffe","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2407.01873/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Current research on generative language models (GLMs) for automated text scoring (ATS) has focused almost exclusively on querying proprietary models via Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). Yet such practices raise issues around transparency and security, and these methods offer little in the way of efficiency or customizability. With the recent proliferation of smaller, open-source models, there is the option to explore GLMs with computers equipped with modest, consumer-grade hardware, that is, for the \"GPU poor.\" In this study, we analyze the performance and efficiency of open-source, ","authors_text":"Alexander Kwako, Christopher Michael Ormerod","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-07-02T01:17:01Z","title":"Automated Text Scoring in the Age of Generative AI for the GPU-poor"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2407.01873","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:9ed14b85a86f7fa664fd051763575d2b0e1d2e68edd0d0e8f4a04f671bae834d","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4184918eb68ae82873d8ba918aa14d83303b6842eaf4f8e220f3b95ca70ef47b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-07-02T01:17:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"38505b5c1d953e7cf7693a599967c2f22ceab0a83ebbecc274e07ead30f7f31c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2407.01873","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"ad9d380d4b45f8bd811d0682d974c8d5e16c34b97be929e61ef5d8be83abf3ac","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"ad9d380d4b45f8bd811d0682d974c8d5e16c34b97be929e61ef5d8be83abf3ac","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06.515557Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06.515557Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"58SnjKieebGP8Hy1IBGXYtPsSfHYfvP6N5Y8nDdKboxAn4yIlqQMZtyNK8+Lgl7Ts9wkZYtnnwAjzpd2+PQsCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:39:06.516042Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2407.01873","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:9ed14b85a86f7fa664fd051763575d2b0e1d2e68edd0d0e8f4a04f671bae834d","sha256:5172e42c6aea01c9572185d7d35ccca01bf46aee7e7011320bda3553eeedcffe"],"state_sha256":"086fb2f2f7b417381f17bb142f4b840ff7ef76e7633ba266cc2bae64c1083a0c"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"39ZafW1UIv8ia3YNCU8zUPBepsIpk5wnEG+kJOCU6Z4aBRwdQ5XwZnIBWzFDuVr7rZtMOtTWlS+LStVOw0zRCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T23:53:41.823696Z","bundle_sha256":"b6417443945121d04556f617995a07a66441b0fb60d38837f86eabbaf522726e"}}