{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:VX4GK462HGV6XOA4UZW5LRAOOQ","short_pith_number":"pith:VX4GK462","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2205.11807","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2022-05-24T06:03:19Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"5252c718bf075a7b7d849dbf8302c5bd2f0b2527b0d716275937eb37e6570c97","abstract_canon_sha256":"39031b63b3e7e860e17877c862e9ec6ab6a140e31bb717c8367c523bb7b5976a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"adf86573da39abebb81ca66dd5c40e740bdc7798fb76c462da0c3b49efc5f559","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2205.11807","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2205.11807","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2205.11807v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2205.11807","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VX4GK462HGV6","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VX4GK462HGV6XOA4","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VX4GK462","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:VX4GK462HGV6XOA4UZW5LRAOOQ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2205.11807","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2022-05-24T06:03:19Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"5252c718bf075a7b7d849dbf8302c5bd2f0b2527b0d716275937eb37e6570c97","abstract_canon_sha256":"39031b63b3e7e860e17877c862e9ec6ab6a140e31bb717c8367c523bb7b5976a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"adf86573da39abebb81ca66dd5c40e740bdc7798fb76c462da0c3b49efc5f559","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08.476072Z","signature_b64":"QaocqujCIdl9lN29lCSuWKpMny82gwoSMmn5W3XVnQOMk4X0BbCuVGPgCfJk8GnKHG/68LNj5odHnjIkRqhQCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"adf86573da39abebb81ca66dd5c40e740bdc7798fb76c462da0c3b49efc5f559","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08.475718Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08.475718Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2205.11807","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"tUjeZ2azWCj/piIBv2ifMEVnqWkfOO1O25Wwv6F0IgpQ7c/zQhS9tdxOMa9P6Mvt0fe7MaF57ACgBcSiIqciCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T13:29:30.528059Z"},"content_sha256":"85d774d053740b2ea55844b2b887c4879f89670234df95533addc56630ddffa9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:85d774d053740b2ea55844b2b887c4879f89670234df95533addc56630ddffa9"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:VX4GK462HGV6XOA4UZW5LRAOOQ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.DB","authors_text":"Chun Jason Xue, Jinghuan Yu, Shangyu Wu, Tei-Wei Kuo, Xuan Sun, Yufei Cui","submitted_at":"2022-05-24T06:03:19Z","abstract_excerpt":"Recent works on learned index open a new direction for the indexing field. The key insight of the learned index is to approximate the mapping between keys and positions with piece-wise linear functions. Such methods require partitioning key space for a better approximation. Although lots of heuristics are proposed to improve the approximation quality, the bottleneck is that the segmentation overheads could hinder the overall performance. This paper tackles the approximation problem by applying a \\textit{distribution transformation} to the keys before constructing the learned index. A two-stage"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2205.11807","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2205.11807/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"BHzyeFH9Z+X7DvHIE3T4Sgwyhr/4v3PklxwchzpX1VFAAW/yp/WEshVYT87MhHUuGzvZJ+v/75fsvAZvnVygBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T13:29:30.528607Z"},"content_sha256":"f2cda01e6f26fb8482222a5f3d01da4ad5fe918513aee750b91a46f22af47418","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f2cda01e6f26fb8482222a5f3d01da4ad5fe918513aee750b91a46f22af47418"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VX4GK462HGV6XOA4UZW5LRAOOQ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/VX4GK462HGV6XOA4UZW5LRAOOQ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VX4GK462HGV6XOA4UZW5LRAOOQ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-09T13:29:30Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/VX4GK462HGV6XOA4UZW5LRAOOQ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/VX4GK462HGV6XOA4UZW5LRAOOQ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/VX4GK462HGV6XOA4UZW5LRAOOQ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/VX4GK462HGV6XOA4UZW5LRAOOQ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:VX4GK462HGV6XOA4UZW5LRAOOQ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"39031b63b3e7e860e17877c862e9ec6ab6a140e31bb717c8367c523bb7b5976a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2022-05-24T06:03:19Z","title_canon_sha256":"5252c718bf075a7b7d849dbf8302c5bd2f0b2527b0d716275937eb37e6570c97"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2205.11807","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2205.11807","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2205.11807v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2205.11807","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"VX4GK462HGV6","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"VX4GK462HGV6XOA4","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"VX4GK462","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:f2cda01e6f26fb8482222a5f3d01da4ad5fe918513aee750b91a46f22af47418","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2205.11807/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Recent works on learned index open a new direction for the indexing field. The key insight of the learned index is to approximate the mapping between keys and positions with piece-wise linear functions. Such methods require partitioning key space for a better approximation. Although lots of heuristics are proposed to improve the approximation quality, the bottleneck is that the segmentation overheads could hinder the overall performance. This paper tackles the approximation problem by applying a \\textit{distribution transformation} to the keys before constructing the learned index. A two-stage","authors_text":"Chun Jason Xue, Jinghuan Yu, Shangyu Wu, Tei-Wei Kuo, Xuan Sun, Yufei Cui","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2022-05-24T06:03:19Z","title":"NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2205.11807","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:85d774d053740b2ea55844b2b887c4879f89670234df95533addc56630ddffa9","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"39031b63b3e7e860e17877c862e9ec6ab6a140e31bb717c8367c523bb7b5976a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2022-05-24T06:03:19Z","title_canon_sha256":"5252c718bf075a7b7d849dbf8302c5bd2f0b2527b0d716275937eb37e6570c97"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2205.11807","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"adf86573da39abebb81ca66dd5c40e740bdc7798fb76c462da0c3b49efc5f559","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"adf86573da39abebb81ca66dd5c40e740bdc7798fb76c462da0c3b49efc5f559","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08.475718Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08.475718Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"QaocqujCIdl9lN29lCSuWKpMny82gwoSMmn5W3XVnQOMk4X0BbCuVGPgCfJk8GnKHG/68LNj5odHnjIkRqhQCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:08.476072Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2205.11807","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:85d774d053740b2ea55844b2b887c4879f89670234df95533addc56630ddffa9","sha256:f2cda01e6f26fb8482222a5f3d01da4ad5fe918513aee750b91a46f22af47418"],"state_sha256":"971c3cd4579734e7c5fe04517761430376ae157c587fdb46502711e6b0a3bb91"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9W0UZyhX8frb9+YrcK7IiUJQ+Ttlqwf4KkgN8VTwzPifBeqAhwINtOkdDkYYsrDZ7kGgMKvTnYSk6S3Z9T5IDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T13:29:30.533008Z","bundle_sha256":"328798d6559fdb99a835c4a879a27abd533ceebc15d525a19b1028d15350e00d"}}