{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:W4W7TPTGG73HO7UXDRSZ4WJLBV","short_pith_number":"pith:W4W7TPTG","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2110.08726","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"eess.IV","submitted_at":"2021-10-17T05:06:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV"],"title_canon_sha256":"e3707f95781fd5cf2d56f843900a4fe432621ea7fc2df8cb7d17e87e11cf5e10","abstract_canon_sha256":"e7ff2862b9e004c0c65e532be0df68a40bdd734dcd818f3fb9d7d4abdef274e1"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b72df9be6637f6777e971c659e592b0d7f63e5fe3404993d6a18806751350f83","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2110.08726","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2110.08726","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2110.08726v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2110.08726","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"W4W7TPTGG73H","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"W4W7TPTGG73HO7UX","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"W4W7TPTG","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:W4W7TPTGG73HO7UXDRSZ4WJLBV","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2110.08726","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"eess.IV","submitted_at":"2021-10-17T05:06:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV"],"title_canon_sha256":"e3707f95781fd5cf2d56f843900a4fe432621ea7fc2df8cb7d17e87e11cf5e10","abstract_canon_sha256":"e7ff2862b9e004c0c65e532be0df68a40bdd734dcd818f3fb9d7d4abdef274e1"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b72df9be6637f6777e971c659e592b0d7f63e5fe3404993d6a18806751350f83","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19.849660Z","signature_b64":"OtQlgCqVp0uhkpndlwtRhKGzj0zmMvUT+L80h0uzQ97mQJxURgAdJ/RaIHWxwDH1HrHvbnDCWL7341I7hN9DDg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"b72df9be6637f6777e971c659e592b0d7f63e5fe3404993d6a18806751350f83","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19.849328Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19.849328Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2110.08726","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"o7POxNrpY4o/xOjXkGxFqrOt9Wi+STsyGwGq/kGC8lPfIDrU+OBUROkKnAQSrQG7if3ViAedeKcFM1KVdpAwBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T07:47:18.577936Z"},"content_sha256":"543a83f9dadbe6811dceea36ccb59fc7234d7550e6be6f503bcc94c6e508632a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:543a83f9dadbe6811dceea36ccb59fc7234d7550e6be6f503bcc94c6e508632a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:W4W7TPTGG73HO7UXDRSZ4WJLBV","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Data Shapley Value for Handling Noisy Labels: An application in Screening COVID-19 Pneumonia from Chest CT Scans","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CV"],"primary_cat":"eess.IV","authors_text":"Arash Mohammadi, Farnoosh Naderkhani, Moezedin Javad Rafiee, Nastaran Enshaei","submitted_at":"2021-10-17T05:06:18Z","abstract_excerpt":"A long-standing challenge of deep learning models involves how to handle noisy labels, especially in applications where human lives are at stake. Adoption of the data Shapley Value (SV), a cooperative game theoretical approach, is an intelligent valuation solution to tackle the issue of noisy labels. Data SV can be used together with a learning model and an evaluation metric to validate each training point's contribution to the model's performance. The SV of a data point, however, is not unique and depends on the learning model, the evaluation metric, and other data points collaborating in the"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2110.08726","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2110.08726/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"YUTkmgctiDiCOuWBoCU318H9421Hdfz8gcQba2bfJMdyQPW1tn5Ct6TR4Vf8Pu/PN8+OuBWEdFhMmGdNSJ7gBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T07:47:18.578464Z"},"content_sha256":"777f460d952a1aa4ed3831927603eeb1ad271b383cf724942cc347eed36a3e20","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:777f460d952a1aa4ed3831927603eeb1ad271b383cf724942cc347eed36a3e20"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/W4W7TPTGG73HO7UXDRSZ4WJLBV/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/W4W7TPTGG73HO7UXDRSZ4WJLBV/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/W4W7TPTGG73HO7UXDRSZ4WJLBV/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-21T07:47:18Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/W4W7TPTGG73HO7UXDRSZ4WJLBV","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/W4W7TPTGG73HO7UXDRSZ4WJLBV/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/W4W7TPTGG73HO7UXDRSZ4WJLBV/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/W4W7TPTGG73HO7UXDRSZ4WJLBV/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:W4W7TPTGG73HO7UXDRSZ4WJLBV","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e7ff2862b9e004c0c65e532be0df68a40bdd734dcd818f3fb9d7d4abdef274e1","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"eess.IV","submitted_at":"2021-10-17T05:06:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"e3707f95781fd5cf2d56f843900a4fe432621ea7fc2df8cb7d17e87e11cf5e10"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2110.08726","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2110.08726","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2110.08726v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2110.08726","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"W4W7TPTGG73H","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"W4W7TPTGG73HO7UX","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"W4W7TPTG","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:777f460d952a1aa4ed3831927603eeb1ad271b383cf724942cc347eed36a3e20","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2110.08726/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"A long-standing challenge of deep learning models involves how to handle noisy labels, especially in applications where human lives are at stake. Adoption of the data Shapley Value (SV), a cooperative game theoretical approach, is an intelligent valuation solution to tackle the issue of noisy labels. Data SV can be used together with a learning model and an evaluation metric to validate each training point's contribution to the model's performance. The SV of a data point, however, is not unique and depends on the learning model, the evaluation metric, and other data points collaborating in the","authors_text":"Arash Mohammadi, Farnoosh Naderkhani, Moezedin Javad Rafiee, Nastaran Enshaei","cross_cats":["cs.CV"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"eess.IV","submitted_at":"2021-10-17T05:06:18Z","title":"Data Shapley Value for Handling Noisy Labels: An application in Screening COVID-19 Pneumonia from Chest CT Scans"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2110.08726","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:543a83f9dadbe6811dceea36ccb59fc7234d7550e6be6f503bcc94c6e508632a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e7ff2862b9e004c0c65e532be0df68a40bdd734dcd818f3fb9d7d4abdef274e1","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"eess.IV","submitted_at":"2021-10-17T05:06:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"e3707f95781fd5cf2d56f843900a4fe432621ea7fc2df8cb7d17e87e11cf5e10"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2110.08726","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"b72df9be6637f6777e971c659e592b0d7f63e5fe3404993d6a18806751350f83","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"b72df9be6637f6777e971c659e592b0d7f63e5fe3404993d6a18806751350f83","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19.849328Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19.849328Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"OtQlgCqVp0uhkpndlwtRhKGzj0zmMvUT+L80h0uzQ97mQJxURgAdJ/RaIHWxwDH1HrHvbnDCWL7341I7hN9DDg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:23:19.849660Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2110.08726","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:543a83f9dadbe6811dceea36ccb59fc7234d7550e6be6f503bcc94c6e508632a","sha256:777f460d952a1aa4ed3831927603eeb1ad271b383cf724942cc347eed36a3e20"],"state_sha256":"c947f497436da45048231eaf604d0280cefb85ef14c3e7695dd29637e339775c"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"eeqZKD1Z27BQz/buRWyUp+4l9Qp1qufyJX7JtD02m5YD4orbBPMe5wa9ADfdAf3TkaECl+gPVpxczkWbcoqRDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T07:47:18.583794Z","bundle_sha256":"1b177a4b14226c4a0407b82a28bc59a16bac8d8992013c4a09ebeed5c60acfc3"}}