{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:W7BK3DEJACURHSMZRVYEYIUPEW","short_pith_number":"pith:W7BK3DEJ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2411.04239","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2024-11-06T20:08:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"fcbbe122a783accf67538e208f86b4f5041542c1242d1d4e34e66d029e00e0bd","abstract_canon_sha256":"671d0dd4744aabf15e3718bd1d631c640f1d7ff1136483bb91dce016f984f097"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b7c2ad8c8900a913c9998d704c228f25832594a2a91759781ce2b4f4c72eae9d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2411.04239","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2411.04239","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2411.04239v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2411.04239","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"W7BK3DEJACUR","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"W7BK3DEJACURHSMZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"W7BK3DEJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:W7BK3DEJACURHSMZRVYEYIUPEW","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2411.04239","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2024-11-06T20:08:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"fcbbe122a783accf67538e208f86b4f5041542c1242d1d4e34e66d029e00e0bd","abstract_canon_sha256":"671d0dd4744aabf15e3718bd1d631c640f1d7ff1136483bb91dce016f984f097"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b7c2ad8c8900a913c9998d704c228f25832594a2a91759781ce2b4f4c72eae9d","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48.246070Z","signature_b64":"gwz5bmPezbqd1YiDuVzWUmnZ6N4/ba82sfJXgl2o+ktnCIwd8YltV4uf3rd17pDVu6PfaSa9ZgJ+9hObu1ZSAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"b7c2ad8c8900a913c9998d704c228f25832594a2a91759781ce2b4f4c72eae9d","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48.245657Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48.245657Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2411.04239","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Bji1FktLzIZMaLv97otZYR/3TxjHsdH16/2l0vav6UFcq7LncDuyBcNLXbYUg4cQZG6ENYnyoo0k5jINUQRRAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T22:51:50.789651Z"},"content_sha256":"ee37ab4ea66450279d219824672edbfa916df6be990df1ad62650ded1876ff88","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ee37ab4ea66450279d219824672edbfa916df6be990df1ad62650ded1876ff88"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:W7BK3DEJACURHSMZRVYEYIUPEW","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"An Adversarial Approach to Identification","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"econ.EM","authors_text":"Chris Muris, Irene Botosaru, Isaac Loh","submitted_at":"2024-11-06T20:08:05Z","abstract_excerpt":"We introduce a new framework for characterizing identified sets of structural and counterfactual parameters in econometric models. By reformulating the identification problem as a set membership question, we leverage the separating hyperplane theorem in the space of observed probability measures to characterize the identified set through the zeros of a discrepancy function with an adversarial game interpretation. The set can be a singleton, resulting in point identification. A feature of many econometric models, with or without distributional assumptions on the error terms, is that the probabi"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2411.04239","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2411.04239/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"cS3nTXVLbpDl7t2F7f/1gyeo13UYMrPQR1gmosywTePZfuTlm+prJJKS+zYyn2srWMVNqUY5d5fKZ90UKFw8Bw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T22:51:50.790382Z"},"content_sha256":"b4ffdae49929a9acb10268f035f1aec774317f1da011268273e672048f5c4ca8","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b4ffdae49929a9acb10268f035f1aec774317f1da011268273e672048f5c4ca8"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/W7BK3DEJACURHSMZRVYEYIUPEW/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/W7BK3DEJACURHSMZRVYEYIUPEW/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/W7BK3DEJACURHSMZRVYEYIUPEW/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-08T22:51:50Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/W7BK3DEJACURHSMZRVYEYIUPEW","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/W7BK3DEJACURHSMZRVYEYIUPEW/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/W7BK3DEJACURHSMZRVYEYIUPEW/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/W7BK3DEJACURHSMZRVYEYIUPEW/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:W7BK3DEJACURHSMZRVYEYIUPEW","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"671d0dd4744aabf15e3718bd1d631c640f1d7ff1136483bb91dce016f984f097","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2024-11-06T20:08:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"fcbbe122a783accf67538e208f86b4f5041542c1242d1d4e34e66d029e00e0bd"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2411.04239","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2411.04239","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2411.04239v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2411.04239","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"W7BK3DEJACUR","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"W7BK3DEJACURHSMZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"W7BK3DEJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:b4ffdae49929a9acb10268f035f1aec774317f1da011268273e672048f5c4ca8","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2411.04239/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We introduce a new framework for characterizing identified sets of structural and counterfactual parameters in econometric models. By reformulating the identification problem as a set membership question, we leverage the separating hyperplane theorem in the space of observed probability measures to characterize the identified set through the zeros of a discrepancy function with an adversarial game interpretation. The set can be a singleton, resulting in point identification. A feature of many econometric models, with or without distributional assumptions on the error terms, is that the probabi","authors_text":"Chris Muris, Irene Botosaru, Isaac Loh","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2024-11-06T20:08:05Z","title":"An Adversarial Approach to Identification"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2411.04239","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ee37ab4ea66450279d219824672edbfa916df6be990df1ad62650ded1876ff88","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"671d0dd4744aabf15e3718bd1d631c640f1d7ff1136483bb91dce016f984f097","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2024-11-06T20:08:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"fcbbe122a783accf67538e208f86b4f5041542c1242d1d4e34e66d029e00e0bd"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2411.04239","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"b7c2ad8c8900a913c9998d704c228f25832594a2a91759781ce2b4f4c72eae9d","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"b7c2ad8c8900a913c9998d704c228f25832594a2a91759781ce2b4f4c72eae9d","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48.245657Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48.245657Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"gwz5bmPezbqd1YiDuVzWUmnZ6N4/ba82sfJXgl2o+ktnCIwd8YltV4uf3rd17pDVu6PfaSa9ZgJ+9hObu1ZSAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:54:48.246070Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2411.04239","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ee37ab4ea66450279d219824672edbfa916df6be990df1ad62650ded1876ff88","sha256:b4ffdae49929a9acb10268f035f1aec774317f1da011268273e672048f5c4ca8"],"state_sha256":"ed3837378c1433a78053ca4653820ddd6ec964ad9bbc3857a59829c31ec84c97"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"lagNZSJcBru1CwzXtKC7WFMBowRIvApqplSN82mYRIh16LNlkafYKmxValPVHanCKgQGv3PDE5kGyBpGm8lTCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T22:51:50.795705Z","bundle_sha256":"6e341da64e1a4315bda4fca461ae9768ebe2797ca02165f2f1c1a452b4ddb3f0"}}