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Colloidal particles covered with chemically-active patches with nonzero phoretic mobility (e.g. Janus particles) swim using self-generated gradients, and similar physics can be exploited to create phoretic pumps. Here we analyse in detail the design principles of phoretic pumps and show that for a minimal phoretic pump, consisting of 3 distinct chemical patches, the optimal arrangement of the patches maximizing the flow rate is universal and independent of chemistry"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1907.06839","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2019-07-16T04:50:37Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.soft","physics.bio-ph","physics.chem-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"cdf9f82a1c6765776d9ad4641d0c38530bd6e690122db1b122c619f6650c99da","abstract_canon_sha256":"e30872d6f50461d636f2ae6aa8d86f39395263be412f7741756c1b55026722e6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:39:35.118107Z","signature_b64":"bNFaK6QS2S0f3RUYySLwb2gEkcu9DnF5c0uROH2p///qTPad6FF6gQV91NB/NzOT7jnqM+g55dTiC2I8InUbAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"b0e0f8f698ab5a079d6436894491f0d58bf38c37fdbd7d2f96845200a80f4c29","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:39:35.117351Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:39:35.117351Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Universal optimal geometry of minimal phoretic pumps","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cond-mat.soft","physics.bio-ph","physics.chem-ph"],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"Eric Lauga, Sebastien Michelin","submitted_at":"2019-07-16T04:50:37Z","abstract_excerpt":"Unlike pressure-driven flows, surface-mediated phoretic flows provide efficient means to drive fluid motion on very small scales. 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