{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:WGGKHN5YTSUFBSR3HEXBHBJA3Q","short_pith_number":"pith:WGGKHN5Y","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1410.2392","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2014-10-09T09:05:22Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"1810aaeb4a87ac45287c10abd180ada84f73cf216da713359e87bb96bbd1b338","abstract_canon_sha256":"e404507dccb0a2e7ef0145ad136b35626a91b7c334ef57bb9519cef7627ff760"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b18ca3b7b89ca850ca3b392e138520dc1d7a754e96799a7c410d2ffdf4c57214","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1410.2392","version":5},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1410.2392","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:17:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1410.2392v5","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:17:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1410.2392","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:17:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"WGGKHN5YTSUF","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"WGGKHN5YTSUFBSR3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"WGGKHN5Y","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:54Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:WGGKHN5YTSUFBSR3HEXBHBJA3Q","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1410.2392","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2014-10-09T09:05:22Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"1810aaeb4a87ac45287c10abd180ada84f73cf216da713359e87bb96bbd1b338","abstract_canon_sha256":"e404507dccb0a2e7ef0145ad136b35626a91b7c334ef57bb9519cef7627ff760"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b18ca3b7b89ca850ca3b392e138520dc1d7a754e96799a7c410d2ffdf4c57214","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:17:53.218697Z","signature_b64":"FDbfTgm0Ae1NVcT1jtyYCOyPm+DRX8bba7tf1OBVpOTkSHvsfeHNfESZ34VE5i1MfU+aojk+IWvlyrB0DUYYBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"b18ca3b7b89ca850ca3b392e138520dc1d7a754e96799a7c410d2ffdf4c57214","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:17:53.217859Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:17:53.217859Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1410.2392","source_version":5,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:17:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hGe6mxJO/QozVi96D66QcnjpizchouXuBMfqG42/BdOw4ntmy1KW9Mg32OOn0ARVHwj8znz8iIDNDfxN0lZJBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T18:36:05.019532Z"},"content_sha256":"e7497eeabd517fd9bec302c7020614fbd75c37f93deeceb4ecd781feeb5db80f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e7497eeabd517fd9bec302c7020614fbd75c37f93deeceb4ecd781feeb5db80f"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:WGGKHN5YTSUFBSR3HEXBHBJA3Q","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Control functionals for Monte Carlo integration","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Chris J. Oates, Mark Girolami, Nicolas Chopin","submitted_at":"2014-10-09T09:05:22Z","abstract_excerpt":"A non-parametric extension of control variates is presented. These leverage gradient information on the sampling density to achieve substantial variance reduction. It is not required that the sampling density be normalised. The novel contribution of this work is based on two important insights; (i) a trade-off between random sampling and deterministic approximation and (ii) a new gradient-based function space derived from Stein's identity. Unlike classical control variates, our estimators achieve super-root-$n$ convergence, often requiring orders of magnitude fewer simulations to achieve a fix"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1410.2392","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:17:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ATZP9tIBLH5do64YFqBfTAo9I/1BUNJr5wYStY0v2jTGFl+u+ED0no7nC86M0go/n4dqRFxzhOecWlPjQXxHAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T18:36:05.020192Z"},"content_sha256":"82d58ea2b502be9cc1b9ed2a4141334c71c050b2b9a8fbb27b73d66646f40b29","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:82d58ea2b502be9cc1b9ed2a4141334c71c050b2b9a8fbb27b73d66646f40b29"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/WGGKHN5YTSUFBSR3HEXBHBJA3Q/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/WGGKHN5YTSUFBSR3HEXBHBJA3Q/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/WGGKHN5YTSUFBSR3HEXBHBJA3Q/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-28T18:36:05Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/WGGKHN5YTSUFBSR3HEXBHBJA3Q","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/WGGKHN5YTSUFBSR3HEXBHBJA3Q/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/WGGKHN5YTSUFBSR3HEXBHBJA3Q/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/WGGKHN5YTSUFBSR3HEXBHBJA3Q/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:WGGKHN5YTSUFBSR3HEXBHBJA3Q","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e404507dccb0a2e7ef0145ad136b35626a91b7c334ef57bb9519cef7627ff760","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2014-10-09T09:05:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"1810aaeb4a87ac45287c10abd180ada84f73cf216da713359e87bb96bbd1b338"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1410.2392","kind":"arxiv","version":5}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1410.2392","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:17:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1410.2392v5","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:17:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1410.2392","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:17:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"WGGKHN5YTSUF","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"WGGKHN5YTSUFBSR3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"WGGKHN5Y","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:54Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:82d58ea2b502be9cc1b9ed2a4141334c71c050b2b9a8fbb27b73d66646f40b29","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:17:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"A non-parametric extension of control variates is presented. These leverage gradient information on the sampling density to achieve substantial variance reduction. It is not required that the sampling density be normalised. The novel contribution of this work is based on two important insights; (i) a trade-off between random sampling and deterministic approximation and (ii) a new gradient-based function space derived from Stein's identity. Unlike classical control variates, our estimators achieve super-root-$n$ convergence, often requiring orders of magnitude fewer simulations to achieve a fix","authors_text":"Chris J. Oates, Mark Girolami, Nicolas Chopin","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2014-10-09T09:05:22Z","title":"Control functionals for Monte Carlo integration"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1410.2392","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e7497eeabd517fd9bec302c7020614fbd75c37f93deeceb4ecd781feeb5db80f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:17:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e404507dccb0a2e7ef0145ad136b35626a91b7c334ef57bb9519cef7627ff760","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2014-10-09T09:05:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"1810aaeb4a87ac45287c10abd180ada84f73cf216da713359e87bb96bbd1b338"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1410.2392","kind":"arxiv","version":5}},"canonical_sha256":"b18ca3b7b89ca850ca3b392e138520dc1d7a754e96799a7c410d2ffdf4c57214","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"b18ca3b7b89ca850ca3b392e138520dc1d7a754e96799a7c410d2ffdf4c57214","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:17:53.217859Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:17:53.217859Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"FDbfTgm0Ae1NVcT1jtyYCOyPm+DRX8bba7tf1OBVpOTkSHvsfeHNfESZ34VE5i1MfU+aojk+IWvlyrB0DUYYBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:17:53.218697Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1410.2392","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":5}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e7497eeabd517fd9bec302c7020614fbd75c37f93deeceb4ecd781feeb5db80f","sha256:82d58ea2b502be9cc1b9ed2a4141334c71c050b2b9a8fbb27b73d66646f40b29"],"state_sha256":"76ed0999987fec92eca488e3d0f46aaa1a4ec00a82d1356be20c6b3b3c4fb226"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mz24mZFf2PgLkQWzARAsBlCQbMxTjIq6w0EvqGigGfBXYy+oWSUhZ3Zjo15A0Y7X5MMcRxVrOR/wqYVhn5RbAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T18:36:05.023920Z","bundle_sha256":"c3d547301a73c9e2bc803cf791cbb830007fde852b89ebf01dab30b71acb08e9"}}