{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2014:WGQGSNM22Y6T2DSCMX7JQQKDWV","short_pith_number":"pith:WGQGSNM2","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"b1a069359ad63d3d0e4265fe984143b57fc94bb3534fa5334cc755a1faf4e378","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1405.7230","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Non-Perturbative Dynamics, Pair Condensation, Confinement and Dynamical Masses in Massless QED2+1","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"hep-th","authors_text":"2) ((1) CP3, (2) ICMPA-UNESCO, Belgium, Cotonou, Jan Govaerts (1, Louvain-la-Neuve, Micha\\\"el Fanuel (1), Rep. Benin), UCL","submitted_at":"2014-05-28T13:42:34Z","abstract_excerpt":"Quantum electrodynamics in three spacetime dimensions, with one massless fermion species, is studied using a non-perturbative variational approach. Quantization of the theory follows Dirac's Hamiltonian procedure, with a gauge invariant factorization of the physical degrees of freedom. Due to pair condensation in the vacuum state, the symmetry of parity is spontaneously broken. As a consequence, fermionic quasi-particles propagating in the condensate can be identified and are seen to possess a confining dynamical mass, while the propagating physical electromagnetic mode also acquires a non-van"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1405.7230","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"hep-th","submitted_at":"2014-05-28T13:42:34Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"82ce373329ddfa0d25539eae64902613da74e345e10fb77151efc9b362eac798","abstract_canon_sha256":"4bfa852e529235009c38980cc187227f40ea88fdf9992ad3e00f322eca214828"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:51:03.549233Z","signature_b64":"EMryfjozUqD1Lrx/ehiL5nt3tj/gZ7hP0onrPL78J2uNiRqIeHkzekzyc8u+2DE0Qp6Ep5zoZkiaKbKkt2/bCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"b1a069359ad63d3d0e4265fe984143b57fc94bb3534fa5334cc755a1faf4e378","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:51:03.548651Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:51:03.548651Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Non-Perturbative Dynamics, Pair Condensation, Confinement and Dynamical Masses in Massless QED2+1","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"hep-th","authors_text":"2) ((1) CP3, (2) ICMPA-UNESCO, Belgium, Cotonou, Jan Govaerts (1, Louvain-la-Neuve, Micha\\\"el Fanuel (1), Rep. Benin), UCL","submitted_at":"2014-05-28T13:42:34Z","abstract_excerpt":"Quantum electrodynamics in three spacetime dimensions, with one massless fermion species, is studied using a non-perturbative variational approach. Quantization of the theory follows Dirac's Hamiltonian procedure, with a gauge invariant factorization of the physical degrees of freedom. Due to pair condensation in the vacuum state, the symmetry of parity is spontaneously broken. As a consequence, fermionic quasi-particles propagating in the condensate can be identified and are seen to possess a confining dynamical mass, while the propagating physical electromagnetic mode also acquires a non-van"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1405.7230","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1405.7230","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:51:03.548743+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1405.7230v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:51:03.548743+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1405.7230","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:51:03.548743+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"WGQGSNM22Y6T","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:54.890064+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"WGQGSNM22Y6T2DSC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:54.890064+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"WGQGSNM2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:54.890064+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/WGQGSNM22Y6T2DSCMX7JQQKDWV","json":"https://pith.science/pith/WGQGSNM22Y6T2DSCMX7JQQKDWV.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/WGQGSNM22Y6T2DSCMX7JQQKDWV/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/WGQGSNM22Y6T2DSCMX7JQQKDWV/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/WGQGSNM2"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/WGQGSNM22Y6T2DSCMX7JQQKDWV","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/WGQGSNM22Y6T2DSCMX7JQQKDWV.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/WGQGSNM2","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=1405.7230&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/WGQGSNM22Y6T2DSCMX7JQQKDWV/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/WGQGSNM22Y6T2DSCMX7JQQKDWV/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/WGQGSNM22Y6T2DSCMX7JQQKDWV/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/WGQGSNM22Y6T2DSCMX7JQQKDWV/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/WGQGSNM22Y6T2DSCMX7JQQKDWV/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/WGQGSNM22Y6T2DSCMX7JQQKDWV/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/WGQGSNM22Y6T2DSCMX7JQQKDWV/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:51:03.548743+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-18T00:51:03.548743+00:00"}