{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:WIWJ4DZJ2XZXF4QY5XGQTGNNKR","short_pith_number":"pith:WIWJ4DZJ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2105.06387","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2021-04-28T17:55:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"2bbc46015ac5d273d1dbafb39f1cf4256f70737829745e46698b1e1f004fdfcb","abstract_canon_sha256":"24151f364445f6adfecd78ec35af4e9c556fb48e847ea7710e5993761fb59986"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b22c9e0f29d5f372f218edcd0999ad5459e3a963ecd2c42f357ee9ccf0d93683","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2105.06387","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2105.06387","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2105.06387v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2105.06387","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"WIWJ4DZJ2XZX","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"WIWJ4DZJ2XZXF4QY","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"WIWJ4DZJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:WIWJ4DZJ2XZXF4QY5XGQTGNNKR","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2105.06387","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2021-04-28T17:55:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"2bbc46015ac5d273d1dbafb39f1cf4256f70737829745e46698b1e1f004fdfcb","abstract_canon_sha256":"24151f364445f6adfecd78ec35af4e9c556fb48e847ea7710e5993761fb59986"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b22c9e0f29d5f372f218edcd0999ad5459e3a963ecd2c42f357ee9ccf0d93683","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53.708824Z","signature_b64":"j7Drti70p96EaivZ7EWnxg1PxlWRH6OxyKHtwZeRCnGGOTkzD1woq4akPvyudM3cm2kaeHjPlqLFc0/WckHWDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"b22c9e0f29d5f372f218edcd0999ad5459e3a963ecd2c42f357ee9ccf0d93683","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53.708174Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53.708174Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2105.06387","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"FIcj7Fv50qMZSXgmvrZiPkFg88hMG05esn3YzPkITR007NtQXh3z7LHBg8mzbGVD6sBNxL2YdaNuZ72DXXfyDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T23:15:22.670045Z"},"content_sha256":"2677ce2e32f55159a06406a04329767afe7d742da805779a4b7440bec72949eb","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2677ce2e32f55159a06406a04329767afe7d742da805779a4b7440bec72949eb"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:WIWJ4DZJ2XZXF4QY5XGQTGNNKR","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Global Assessment of Oil and Gas Methane Ultra-Emitters","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","authors_text":"Alexandre d'Aspremont, Cl\\'ement Giron, Dan Cusworth, Drew Shindell, Matthieu Mazzolini, Philippe Ciais, Riley Duren, Thomas Lauvaux","submitted_at":"2021-04-28T17:55:39Z","abstract_excerpt":"Methane emissions from oil and gas (O&G) production and transmission represent a significant contribution to climate change. These emissions comprise sporadic releases of large amounts of methane during maintenance operations or equipment failures not accounted for in current inventory estimates. We collected and analyzed hundreds of very large releases from atmospheric methane images sampled by the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) over 2019 and 2020 to quantify emissions from O&G ultra-emitters. Ultra-emitters are primarily detected over the largest O&G basins of the world, follow"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2105.06387","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2105.06387/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ijX4qZJyHVmZ2TuSDGfh7LPQ0Z/zvtu7iFWdqwfKCDYkpyzEEawXzCE7b+0A/Nh10Tety7lem7oBzUndZvvBCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T23:15:22.670570Z"},"content_sha256":"bebbcf1473f871f581d25f63eb5998051294821e7defbd68882d604b26b32dd5","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:bebbcf1473f871f581d25f63eb5998051294821e7defbd68882d604b26b32dd5"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/WIWJ4DZJ2XZXF4QY5XGQTGNNKR/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/WIWJ4DZJ2XZXF4QY5XGQTGNNKR/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/WIWJ4DZJ2XZXF4QY5XGQTGNNKR/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-05T23:15:22Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/WIWJ4DZJ2XZXF4QY5XGQTGNNKR","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/WIWJ4DZJ2XZXF4QY5XGQTGNNKR/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/WIWJ4DZJ2XZXF4QY5XGQTGNNKR/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/WIWJ4DZJ2XZXF4QY5XGQTGNNKR/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:WIWJ4DZJ2XZXF4QY5XGQTGNNKR","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"24151f364445f6adfecd78ec35af4e9c556fb48e847ea7710e5993761fb59986","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2021-04-28T17:55:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"2bbc46015ac5d273d1dbafb39f1cf4256f70737829745e46698b1e1f004fdfcb"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2105.06387","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2105.06387","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2105.06387v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2105.06387","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"WIWJ4DZJ2XZX","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"WIWJ4DZJ2XZXF4QY","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"WIWJ4DZJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:bebbcf1473f871f581d25f63eb5998051294821e7defbd68882d604b26b32dd5","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2105.06387/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Methane emissions from oil and gas (O&G) production and transmission represent a significant contribution to climate change. These emissions comprise sporadic releases of large amounts of methane during maintenance operations or equipment failures not accounted for in current inventory estimates. We collected and analyzed hundreds of very large releases from atmospheric methane images sampled by the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) over 2019 and 2020 to quantify emissions from O&G ultra-emitters. Ultra-emitters are primarily detected over the largest O&G basins of the world, follow","authors_text":"Alexandre d'Aspremont, Cl\\'ement Giron, Dan Cusworth, Drew Shindell, Matthieu Mazzolini, Philippe Ciais, Riley Duren, Thomas Lauvaux","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2021-04-28T17:55:39Z","title":"Global Assessment of Oil and Gas Methane Ultra-Emitters"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2105.06387","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:2677ce2e32f55159a06406a04329767afe7d742da805779a4b7440bec72949eb","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"24151f364445f6adfecd78ec35af4e9c556fb48e847ea7710e5993761fb59986","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2021-04-28T17:55:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"2bbc46015ac5d273d1dbafb39f1cf4256f70737829745e46698b1e1f004fdfcb"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2105.06387","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"b22c9e0f29d5f372f218edcd0999ad5459e3a963ecd2c42f357ee9ccf0d93683","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"b22c9e0f29d5f372f218edcd0999ad5459e3a963ecd2c42f357ee9ccf0d93683","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53.708174Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53.708174Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"j7Drti70p96EaivZ7EWnxg1PxlWRH6OxyKHtwZeRCnGGOTkzD1woq4akPvyudM3cm2kaeHjPlqLFc0/WckHWDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:53.708824Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2105.06387","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:2677ce2e32f55159a06406a04329767afe7d742da805779a4b7440bec72949eb","sha256:bebbcf1473f871f581d25f63eb5998051294821e7defbd68882d604b26b32dd5"],"state_sha256":"99657171e2a91fb71167ff587f7f48a7db736e007566cefc2ce04c6f5d495258"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"kuU5kTECBCoKeCakdOCR6iA90CvxmmXCQcKlzpohEYMYDMxETrhtBfD4arUH637xe4Byr3ZQullYXXdcmcUPBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T23:15:22.675321Z","bundle_sha256":"e9adad3d4ccb0f8bbb62f0455b9043baf91950c4f5663c3b0e2259944476824c"}}