{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:WLHUNTKNX37ONLDIXMUY75LWGB","short_pith_number":"pith:WLHUNTKN","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1711.02580","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.OC","submitted_at":"2017-11-06T04:52:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.OT"],"title_canon_sha256":"2b301a667992c7eb0d1a1858c8334ab71ead92dc3b6ab5ddcde58d530094f709","abstract_canon_sha256":"874875b30148e541c7d21b2ba0c763d94e8343eba7c7cec87153abb92bb86455"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b2cf46cd4dbefee6ac68bb298ff5763055d3c412d48e2c8621449f54b4b7da85","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1711.02580","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1711.02580","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1711.02580v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1711.02580","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"WLHUNTKNX37O","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"WLHUNTKNX37ONLDI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"WLHUNTKN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:53Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:WLHUNTKNX37ONLDIXMUY75LWGB","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1711.02580","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.OC","submitted_at":"2017-11-06T04:52:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.OT"],"title_canon_sha256":"2b301a667992c7eb0d1a1858c8334ab71ead92dc3b6ab5ddcde58d530094f709","abstract_canon_sha256":"874875b30148e541c7d21b2ba0c763d94e8343eba7c7cec87153abb92bb86455"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b2cf46cd4dbefee6ac68bb298ff5763055d3c412d48e2c8621449f54b4b7da85","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:07.509334Z","signature_b64":"gnV0WGBulGXrt5fqZbibe8GiyWLDo/KeoTi/xlTBAisH+QXA7geSAeyiiK82KPpC4eVNH3npiJ4Gbr3tJnDXDg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"b2cf46cd4dbefee6ac68bb298ff5763055d3c412d48e2c8621449f54b4b7da85","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:07.508629Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:07.508629Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1711.02580","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"BEA5ouhs+d+L4S+Mg3KrETmROD0n/60vLn8dYNWR25qyyC1CWuWmPoswU2K8eWA8IPvBukoHNLxQxYU/lREHBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T18:18:53.420237Z"},"content_sha256":"68e367a15f0d8ea26c28100a18370599fcf320b950c4772a69adb702f404b79a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:68e367a15f0d8ea26c28100a18370599fcf320b950c4772a69adb702f404b79a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:WLHUNTKNX37ONLDIXMUY75LWGB","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Quantifying the Influence of Component Failure Probability on Cascading Blackout Risk","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["stat.OT"],"primary_cat":"math.OC","authors_text":"Feng Liu, Jianhui Wang, Jinpeng Guo, Ming Cao, Shengwei Mei","submitted_at":"2017-11-06T04:52:05Z","abstract_excerpt":"The risk of cascading blackouts greatly relies on failure probabilities of individual components in power grids. To quantify how component failure probabilities (CFP) influences blackout risk (BR), this paper proposes a sample-induced semi-analytic approach to characterize the relationship between CFP and BR. To this end, we first give a generic component failure probability function (CoFPF) to describe CFP with varying parameters or forms. Then the exact relationship between BR and CoFPFs is built on the abstract Markov-sequence model of cascading outages. Leveraging a set of samples generate"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1711.02580","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"OQatheNICaCdmvEu9Y6Ug4xrHY+8dcZTyJhbF1nHCarswq50/tZ0++vhoXWP30qi/EZU2PHRtY9nmcg5izJRBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T18:18:53.420751Z"},"content_sha256":"3d0defc63eefecbeba19ca546b335ff0e598cef0dca7153de54ca2d9f4604a7c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3d0defc63eefecbeba19ca546b335ff0e598cef0dca7153de54ca2d9f4604a7c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/WLHUNTKNX37ONLDIXMUY75LWGB/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/WLHUNTKNX37ONLDIXMUY75LWGB/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/WLHUNTKNX37ONLDIXMUY75LWGB/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-26T18:18:53Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/WLHUNTKNX37ONLDIXMUY75LWGB","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/WLHUNTKNX37ONLDIXMUY75LWGB/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/WLHUNTKNX37ONLDIXMUY75LWGB/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/WLHUNTKNX37ONLDIXMUY75LWGB/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:WLHUNTKNX37ONLDIXMUY75LWGB","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"874875b30148e541c7d21b2ba0c763d94e8343eba7c7cec87153abb92bb86455","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.OT"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.OC","submitted_at":"2017-11-06T04:52:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"2b301a667992c7eb0d1a1858c8334ab71ead92dc3b6ab5ddcde58d530094f709"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1711.02580","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1711.02580","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1711.02580v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1711.02580","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"WLHUNTKNX37O","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"WLHUNTKNX37ONLDI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"WLHUNTKN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:53Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3d0defc63eefecbeba19ca546b335ff0e598cef0dca7153de54ca2d9f4604a7c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The risk of cascading blackouts greatly relies on failure probabilities of individual components in power grids. To quantify how component failure probabilities (CFP) influences blackout risk (BR), this paper proposes a sample-induced semi-analytic approach to characterize the relationship between CFP and BR. To this end, we first give a generic component failure probability function (CoFPF) to describe CFP with varying parameters or forms. Then the exact relationship between BR and CoFPFs is built on the abstract Markov-sequence model of cascading outages. Leveraging a set of samples generate","authors_text":"Feng Liu, Jianhui Wang, Jinpeng Guo, Ming Cao, Shengwei Mei","cross_cats":["stat.OT"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.OC","submitted_at":"2017-11-06T04:52:05Z","title":"Quantifying the Influence of Component Failure Probability on Cascading Blackout Risk"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1711.02580","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:68e367a15f0d8ea26c28100a18370599fcf320b950c4772a69adb702f404b79a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"874875b30148e541c7d21b2ba0c763d94e8343eba7c7cec87153abb92bb86455","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.OT"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.OC","submitted_at":"2017-11-06T04:52:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"2b301a667992c7eb0d1a1858c8334ab71ead92dc3b6ab5ddcde58d530094f709"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1711.02580","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"b2cf46cd4dbefee6ac68bb298ff5763055d3c412d48e2c8621449f54b4b7da85","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"b2cf46cd4dbefee6ac68bb298ff5763055d3c412d48e2c8621449f54b4b7da85","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:07.508629Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:07.508629Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"gnV0WGBulGXrt5fqZbibe8GiyWLDo/KeoTi/xlTBAisH+QXA7geSAeyiiK82KPpC4eVNH3npiJ4Gbr3tJnDXDg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:31:07.509334Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1711.02580","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:68e367a15f0d8ea26c28100a18370599fcf320b950c4772a69adb702f404b79a","sha256:3d0defc63eefecbeba19ca546b335ff0e598cef0dca7153de54ca2d9f4604a7c"],"state_sha256":"7cce84ee750e26c631e3bfc23d7ef4013314d437a55c8e0fbd2b839eb7c8d65d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"6rg22UoXhC/MjWsOgQc98jWgf9m1gFTUw032pJUhRG8XYEu7kVSR8LZze6/bhlZKFLnMNiqs+Rdsh61LePMlAA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T18:18:53.423071Z","bundle_sha256":"d7f46c11c53d2929db3ccd1feaaf893558cf9ee391335804030caa277f9044cc"}}