{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:WNYORJKZQTLOVPQ4DSVNV35EA7","short_pith_number":"pith:WNYORJKZ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2403.10557","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-03-13T18:57:30Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"5dd05b9b4af68240f607d509f8245adaf589d7dea26c75c356f755d20accb98a","abstract_canon_sha256":"87a74ef1246247d23ac1caa64a7e97a5b30baeef3bff3a7f3063ef505117ac7e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b370e8a55984d6eabe1c1caadaefa407c1dcb2022cdf52d08cab953694c94933","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2403.10557","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2403.10557","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2403.10557v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2403.10557","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"WNYORJKZQTLO","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"WNYORJKZQTLOVPQ4","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"WNYORJKZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:WNYORJKZQTLOVPQ4DSVNV35EA7","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2403.10557","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-03-13T18:57:30Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"5dd05b9b4af68240f607d509f8245adaf589d7dea26c75c356f755d20accb98a","abstract_canon_sha256":"87a74ef1246247d23ac1caa64a7e97a5b30baeef3bff3a7f3063ef505117ac7e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b370e8a55984d6eabe1c1caadaefa407c1dcb2022cdf52d08cab953694c94933","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03.034746Z","signature_b64":"ZNfHWstu+19FcPUPCmUgRbfy5hNPwGXumbGBQ3496/rTsIGcnETs3R57IpUwKdt002iVsO1kVs6GHvOF8L70DA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"b370e8a55984d6eabe1c1caadaefa407c1dcb2022cdf52d08cab953694c94933","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03.034290Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03.034290Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2403.10557","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"YXQoqicTYg6UjhwSn3Xk5We2ftmloUKx54045ENiFVEy10npvAaNM3d4Hd9QwPkYWJORFF5bJBjH+9k4h1h8CA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T03:14:02.503307Z"},"content_sha256":"dfadf19ea3d28ca60707f40f5725e6e67533921240af34577bea0e106abfb6c4","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:dfadf19ea3d28ca60707f40f5725e6e67533921240af34577bea0e106abfb6c4"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:WNYORJKZQTLOVPQ4DSVNV35EA7","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Second-Order Information Matters: Revisiting Machine Unlearning for Large Language Models","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Kang Gu, Md Rafi Ur Rashid, Najrin Sultana, Shagufta Mehnaz","submitted_at":"2024-03-13T18:57:30Z","abstract_excerpt":"With the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), we have witnessed intense competition among the major LLM products like ChatGPT, LLaMa, and Gemini. However, various issues (e.g. privacy leakage and copyright violation) of the training corpus still remain underexplored. For example, the Times sued OpenAI and Microsoft for infringing on its copyrights by using millions of its articles for training. From the perspective of LLM practitioners, handling such unintended privacy violations can be challenging. Previous work addressed the ``unlearning\" problem of LLMs using gradient informat"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2403.10557","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2403.10557/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/Rmealjwhla5MSFtnpD4w68GGVBDMAaDrbNX1DqURbJk7FbOk4j3B4Nywwpck9eAPOhkqHe4dRIlqhRKHznuAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T03:14:02.503858Z"},"content_sha256":"e6f160fed01d091accd06073f77f3083c281396fae02c4743735d8c8ecbd1ec5","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e6f160fed01d091accd06073f77f3083c281396fae02c4743735d8c8ecbd1ec5"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/WNYORJKZQTLOVPQ4DSVNV35EA7/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/WNYORJKZQTLOVPQ4DSVNV35EA7/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/WNYORJKZQTLOVPQ4DSVNV35EA7/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-21T03:14:02Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/WNYORJKZQTLOVPQ4DSVNV35EA7","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/WNYORJKZQTLOVPQ4DSVNV35EA7/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/WNYORJKZQTLOVPQ4DSVNV35EA7/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/WNYORJKZQTLOVPQ4DSVNV35EA7/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:WNYORJKZQTLOVPQ4DSVNV35EA7","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"87a74ef1246247d23ac1caa64a7e97a5b30baeef3bff3a7f3063ef505117ac7e","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-03-13T18:57:30Z","title_canon_sha256":"5dd05b9b4af68240f607d509f8245adaf589d7dea26c75c356f755d20accb98a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2403.10557","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2403.10557","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2403.10557v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2403.10557","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"WNYORJKZQTLO","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"WNYORJKZQTLOVPQ4","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"WNYORJKZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:e6f160fed01d091accd06073f77f3083c281396fae02c4743735d8c8ecbd1ec5","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2403.10557/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"With the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), we have witnessed intense competition among the major LLM products like ChatGPT, LLaMa, and Gemini. However, various issues (e.g. privacy leakage and copyright violation) of the training corpus still remain underexplored. For example, the Times sued OpenAI and Microsoft for infringing on its copyrights by using millions of its articles for training. From the perspective of LLM practitioners, handling such unintended privacy violations can be challenging. Previous work addressed the ``unlearning\" problem of LLMs using gradient informat","authors_text":"Kang Gu, Md Rafi Ur Rashid, Najrin Sultana, Shagufta Mehnaz","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-03-13T18:57:30Z","title":"Second-Order Information Matters: Revisiting Machine Unlearning for Large Language Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2403.10557","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:dfadf19ea3d28ca60707f40f5725e6e67533921240af34577bea0e106abfb6c4","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"87a74ef1246247d23ac1caa64a7e97a5b30baeef3bff3a7f3063ef505117ac7e","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-03-13T18:57:30Z","title_canon_sha256":"5dd05b9b4af68240f607d509f8245adaf589d7dea26c75c356f755d20accb98a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2403.10557","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"b370e8a55984d6eabe1c1caadaefa407c1dcb2022cdf52d08cab953694c94933","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"b370e8a55984d6eabe1c1caadaefa407c1dcb2022cdf52d08cab953694c94933","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03.034290Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03.034290Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"ZNfHWstu+19FcPUPCmUgRbfy5hNPwGXumbGBQ3496/rTsIGcnETs3R57IpUwKdt002iVsO1kVs6GHvOF8L70DA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:57:03.034746Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2403.10557","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:dfadf19ea3d28ca60707f40f5725e6e67533921240af34577bea0e106abfb6c4","sha256:e6f160fed01d091accd06073f77f3083c281396fae02c4743735d8c8ecbd1ec5"],"state_sha256":"e37154dee3f9518e339f10f514f21575239756aa949d5aac71c3765cd366b0ef"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"YVVBBW4qxbnjodQMGejEfHqgfY/st1ykoLH/L/lrAWIcJ2S+dOgkFQjL7YbVNp28IMW44V7cVqdpBQsaYewwDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T03:14:02.507938Z","bundle_sha256":"d3c3c1940a81eb181d62c6ae30b1394be91c44b1669702d61d072e65751ca2fe"}}