{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:WPJVUJEGMD26U3JZC7FUN3IWZR","short_pith_number":"pith:WPJVUJEG","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2111.14034","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-11-28T03:11:37Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"9370cd2929bcee9cb7cd5adfd7bbdde4c195d2b1227dbb9819a8a8a71da5662a","abstract_canon_sha256":"cfa191c9459dab1db390fca84ed8a9b24023c61643123626f0d456dcb7230166"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b3d35a248660f5ea6d3917cb46ed16cc6ebbd8d63bf667be33a137347af049b1","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2111.14034","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2111.14034","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2111.14034v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2111.14034","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"WPJVUJEGMD26","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"WPJVUJEGMD26U3JZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"WPJVUJEG","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:WPJVUJEGMD26U3JZC7FUN3IWZR","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2111.14034","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-11-28T03:11:37Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"9370cd2929bcee9cb7cd5adfd7bbdde4c195d2b1227dbb9819a8a8a71da5662a","abstract_canon_sha256":"cfa191c9459dab1db390fca84ed8a9b24023c61643123626f0d456dcb7230166"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b3d35a248660f5ea6d3917cb46ed16cc6ebbd8d63bf667be33a137347af049b1","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38.465995Z","signature_b64":"cc7OchDNKIjZ1eMznMqJbB78mvtnyKpViWnPPupWWN8bpPO76SIyktE/lGiLkS5PN2CyhyPgpVfaE/G+247gDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"b3d35a248660f5ea6d3917cb46ed16cc6ebbd8d63bf667be33a137347af049b1","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38.465558Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38.465558Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2111.14034","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"gICQ5e+NuUeHuglOZ4jYbgeua7saAaEe+lvhX7MDF/BeqVyVzQn+CpVzP6kfG3tpOo9xP/OuByQZSXvFWNFRDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T22:58:29.171215Z"},"content_sha256":"630f59fc3bf59d212784820d661d55a9ee04f0227fca1bf2d0d272f88e03e897","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:630f59fc3bf59d212784820d661d55a9ee04f0227fca1bf2d0d272f88e03e897"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:WPJVUJEGMD26U3JZC7FUN3IWZR","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"ORCHARD: A Benchmark For Measuring Systematic Generalization of Multi-Hierarchical Reasoning","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Alvin Chan, Bill Tuck Weng Pung","submitted_at":"2021-11-28T03:11:37Z","abstract_excerpt":"The ability to reason with multiple hierarchical structures is an attractive and desirable property of sequential inductive biases for natural language processing. Do the state-of-the-art Transformers and LSTM architectures implicitly encode for these biases? To answer this, we propose ORCHARD, a diagnostic dataset for systematically evaluating hierarchical reasoning in state-of-the-art neural sequence models. While there have been prior evaluation frameworks such as ListOps or Logical Inference, our work presents a novel and more natural setting where our models learn to reason with multiple "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2111.14034","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2111.14034/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"SnIUg56sTDB2hmHI6oVwHCdnAdNYMTVqWZT07jIM04ZB10mQmgMvw6GZhiVn8+PYUknhiB5MK86aDyUBYoJ2Dw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T22:58:29.171711Z"},"content_sha256":"e63eae09b540ec43ae6f4261dea98284d371b34e9967e845368c811ff20b5544","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e63eae09b540ec43ae6f4261dea98284d371b34e9967e845368c811ff20b5544"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/WPJVUJEGMD26U3JZC7FUN3IWZR/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/WPJVUJEGMD26U3JZC7FUN3IWZR/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/WPJVUJEGMD26U3JZC7FUN3IWZR/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-03T22:58:29Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/WPJVUJEGMD26U3JZC7FUN3IWZR","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/WPJVUJEGMD26U3JZC7FUN3IWZR/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/WPJVUJEGMD26U3JZC7FUN3IWZR/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/WPJVUJEGMD26U3JZC7FUN3IWZR/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:WPJVUJEGMD26U3JZC7FUN3IWZR","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cfa191c9459dab1db390fca84ed8a9b24023c61643123626f0d456dcb7230166","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-11-28T03:11:37Z","title_canon_sha256":"9370cd2929bcee9cb7cd5adfd7bbdde4c195d2b1227dbb9819a8a8a71da5662a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2111.14034","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2111.14034","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2111.14034v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2111.14034","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"WPJVUJEGMD26","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"WPJVUJEGMD26U3JZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"WPJVUJEG","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:e63eae09b540ec43ae6f4261dea98284d371b34e9967e845368c811ff20b5544","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2111.14034/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The ability to reason with multiple hierarchical structures is an attractive and desirable property of sequential inductive biases for natural language processing. Do the state-of-the-art Transformers and LSTM architectures implicitly encode for these biases? To answer this, we propose ORCHARD, a diagnostic dataset for systematically evaluating hierarchical reasoning in state-of-the-art neural sequence models. While there have been prior evaluation frameworks such as ListOps or Logical Inference, our work presents a novel and more natural setting where our models learn to reason with multiple ","authors_text":"Alvin Chan, Bill Tuck Weng Pung","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-11-28T03:11:37Z","title":"ORCHARD: A Benchmark For Measuring Systematic Generalization of Multi-Hierarchical Reasoning"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2111.14034","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:630f59fc3bf59d212784820d661d55a9ee04f0227fca1bf2d0d272f88e03e897","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cfa191c9459dab1db390fca84ed8a9b24023c61643123626f0d456dcb7230166","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2021-11-28T03:11:37Z","title_canon_sha256":"9370cd2929bcee9cb7cd5adfd7bbdde4c195d2b1227dbb9819a8a8a71da5662a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2111.14034","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"b3d35a248660f5ea6d3917cb46ed16cc6ebbd8d63bf667be33a137347af049b1","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"b3d35a248660f5ea6d3917cb46ed16cc6ebbd8d63bf667be33a137347af049b1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38.465558Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38.465558Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"cc7OchDNKIjZ1eMznMqJbB78mvtnyKpViWnPPupWWN8bpPO76SIyktE/lGiLkS5PN2CyhyPgpVfaE/G+247gDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:35:38.465995Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2111.14034","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:630f59fc3bf59d212784820d661d55a9ee04f0227fca1bf2d0d272f88e03e897","sha256:e63eae09b540ec43ae6f4261dea98284d371b34e9967e845368c811ff20b5544"],"state_sha256":"b15378d4f418ac0b887269925065b7c03964b0902d87c9e17b87ba8fed59fc86"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"phq+i1HV9hf8ki2VVLJiFqWXlcNbD5zQfeeFcXu6aLPkui7BI1/zM25swZiwY0quiZ6Fk91kLD4YPl15UPt6Dg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T22:58:29.175779Z","bundle_sha256":"73bbf2ef2a6b9ab50a368351556561f34d7f5f9f9b93e4d9c912f2d2c34256de"}}