{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2001:WSQMKUMMQJR64KELGCOVK2ADM7","short_pith_number":"pith:WSQMKUMM","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"b4a0c5518c8263ee288b309d55680367f1ec3646d2578e916b913ad7ba23837d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"astro-ph/0104333","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Ultraluminous X-Ray Sources in External Galaxies","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph","authors_text":"(2) Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics), A.R. King (1), G. Fabbiano (2), M.B. Davies (1), M. Elvis (2) ((1) University of Leicester, M.J. Ward (1)","submitted_at":"2001-04-20T12:05:59Z","abstract_excerpt":"We investigate models for the class of ultraluminous non-nuclear X-ray sources (ULXs) seen in a number of galaxies and probably associated with star-forming regions. Models where the X-ray emission is assumed to be isotropic run into several difficulties. In particular formation of sufficient numbers of the required ultramassive black-hole X-ray binaries is problematic, and the likely transient behaviour of the resulting systems is not in good accord with observation. The assumption of mild X-ray beaming suggests instead that ULXs may represent a shortlived but extremely common stage in the ev"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"astro-ph/0104333","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2001-04-20T12:05:59Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d3503b8ae03b2f5d18d084ec36526e3e31c7cfa54869649c9c9f4db76a457eb3","abstract_canon_sha256":"170981ab77e437192ffa025781a0a3abcb02b62151854fca28e64b3169cc93cf"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-04T16:23:15.667419Z","signature_b64":"PVqMEzJkBwS21i8t9ZGzCk7+8Ica6aYVsh4DRzuNeEqmPFn8TNLs9YgXU3ES15OSbY9jJxzOL8SVP8ors38kCA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"b4a0c5518c8263ee288b309d55680367f1ec3646d2578e916b913ad7ba23837d","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T16:23:15.667012Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T16:23:15.667012Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Ultraluminous X-Ray Sources in External Galaxies","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph","authors_text":"(2) Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics), A.R. King (1), G. Fabbiano (2), M.B. Davies (1), M. Elvis (2) ((1) University of Leicester, M.J. Ward (1)","submitted_at":"2001-04-20T12:05:59Z","abstract_excerpt":"We investigate models for the class of ultraluminous non-nuclear X-ray sources (ULXs) seen in a number of galaxies and probably associated with star-forming regions. Models where the X-ray emission is assumed to be isotropic run into several difficulties. In particular formation of sufficient numbers of the required ultramassive black-hole X-ray binaries is problematic, and the likely transient behaviour of the resulting systems is not in good accord with observation. The assumption of mild X-ray beaming suggests instead that ULXs may represent a shortlived but extremely common stage in the ev"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"astro-ph/0104333","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/astro-ph/0104333/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"astro-ph/0104333","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:23:15.667072+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"astro-ph/0104333v1","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:23:15.667072+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0104333","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:23:15.667072+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"WSQMKUMMQJR6","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:23:15.667072+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"WSQMKUMMQJR64KEL","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:23:15.667072+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"WSQMKUMM","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:23:15.667072+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/WSQMKUMMQJR64KELGCOVK2ADM7","json":"https://pith.science/pith/WSQMKUMMQJR64KELGCOVK2ADM7.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/WSQMKUMMQJR64KELGCOVK2ADM7/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/WSQMKUMMQJR64KELGCOVK2ADM7/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/WSQMKUMM"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/WSQMKUMMQJR64KELGCOVK2ADM7","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/WSQMKUMMQJR64KELGCOVK2ADM7.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/WSQMKUMM","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=astro-ph/0104333&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/WSQMKUMMQJR64KELGCOVK2ADM7/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/WSQMKUMMQJR64KELGCOVK2ADM7/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/WSQMKUMMQJR64KELGCOVK2ADM7/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/WSQMKUMMQJR64KELGCOVK2ADM7/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/WSQMKUMMQJR64KELGCOVK2ADM7/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/WSQMKUMMQJR64KELGCOVK2ADM7/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/WSQMKUMMQJR64KELGCOVK2ADM7/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-07-04T16:23:15.667072+00:00","updated_at":"2026-07-04T16:23:15.667072+00:00"}