{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:X53GLPQD6N3YGTCAKAG3KBGQ5H","short_pith_number":"pith:X53GLPQD","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2607.22028","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2026-07-24T06:53:12Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"16f2cab33b1f85199d796eaee39e6a8ea4d90e86c7266b500d97190d8b9dd88e","abstract_canon_sha256":"d69df47a9790ca47a25d60b003d7c5547e9f054aac1e76c1c7d7f06d2263552d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bf7665be03f377834c40500db504d0e9efb324129206b878a951dcdb711c4af6","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2607.22028","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2607.22028","created_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2607.22028v1","created_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.22028","created_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"X53GLPQD6N3Y","created_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"X53GLPQD6N3YGTCA","created_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"X53GLPQD","created_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:X53GLPQD6N3YGTCAKAG3KBGQ5H","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2607.22028","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2026-07-24T06:53:12Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"16f2cab33b1f85199d796eaee39e6a8ea4d90e86c7266b500d97190d8b9dd88e","abstract_canon_sha256":"d69df47a9790ca47a25d60b003d7c5547e9f054aac1e76c1c7d7f06d2263552d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bf7665be03f377834c40500db504d0e9efb324129206b878a951dcdb711c4af6","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44.067295Z","signature_b64":"x0Ouwy/bSW2U9El1kb1dZ7m0T/injHUzN1Q6zJPm0wLCW1QV47YdWp35VOvuY/vcAknT3Y9mTK7/TTgj9jMrBQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"bf7665be03f377834c40500db504d0e9efb324129206b878a951dcdb711c4af6","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44.066233Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44.066233Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2607.22028","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"vNmOg6DJR3uNnrqgcmwnNGIn4Ka8FtGjLi6sCaVMBN71FDXVxjmx1Ch6KG+X29OUhdPcCwHzY2h33EU9vGnEBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T08:07:21.305710Z"},"content_sha256":"a20f35e756b2d0e2902a599b63f1f019510e5da76508a196a035e0795c90a529","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a20f35e756b2d0e2902a599b63f1f019510e5da76508a196a035e0795c90a529"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:X53GLPQD6N3YGTCAKAG3KBGQ5H","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"To what extent can long-differencing capture climate adaptation?","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"econ.EM","authors_text":"Dalia Ghanem, Daniel Schuurman, Felix Pretis","submitted_at":"2026-07-24T06:53:12Z","abstract_excerpt":"Understanding the degree to which we are able to adapt to climate change is central to economic assessments of future climate damages. Economists increasingly use comparisons between long differences and fixed effects estimators to measure climate adaptation. We show that such comparisons can be misleading. Neither estimator is consistent for its intended parameter, as both the long-difference (LD) and fixed effects (FE) estimands are weighted averages of the long- and short-run responses to climate and weather. As a result, the difference between the two understates the true extent of adaptat"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2607.22028","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2607.22028/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"DxAu1WRV375Ge4JbhAlPT7dk16sKWSPSPF6EdqYYZuQpjoVAKq9L+hdpS3cjuAWdX/hNROojHpMAd0uhQJcECg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T08:07:21.306651Z"},"content_sha256":"e277d42e46bde3afa66c2efd3f2645a0c8154abdb44f663fd4d780af4d565598","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e277d42e46bde3afa66c2efd3f2645a0c8154abdb44f663fd4d780af4d565598"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/X53GLPQD6N3YGTCAKAG3KBGQ5H/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/X53GLPQD6N3YGTCAKAG3KBGQ5H/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/X53GLPQD6N3YGTCAKAG3KBGQ5H/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-07T08:07:21Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/X53GLPQD6N3YGTCAKAG3KBGQ5H","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/X53GLPQD6N3YGTCAKAG3KBGQ5H/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/X53GLPQD6N3YGTCAKAG3KBGQ5H/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/X53GLPQD6N3YGTCAKAG3KBGQ5H/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:X53GLPQD6N3YGTCAKAG3KBGQ5H","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d69df47a9790ca47a25d60b003d7c5547e9f054aac1e76c1c7d7f06d2263552d","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2026-07-24T06:53:12Z","title_canon_sha256":"16f2cab33b1f85199d796eaee39e6a8ea4d90e86c7266b500d97190d8b9dd88e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2607.22028","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2607.22028","created_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2607.22028v1","created_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.22028","created_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"X53GLPQD6N3Y","created_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"X53GLPQD6N3YGTCA","created_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"X53GLPQD","created_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:e277d42e46bde3afa66c2efd3f2645a0c8154abdb44f663fd4d780af4d565598","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2607.22028/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Understanding the degree to which we are able to adapt to climate change is central to economic assessments of future climate damages. Economists increasingly use comparisons between long differences and fixed effects estimators to measure climate adaptation. We show that such comparisons can be misleading. Neither estimator is consistent for its intended parameter, as both the long-difference (LD) and fixed effects (FE) estimands are weighted averages of the long- and short-run responses to climate and weather. As a result, the difference between the two understates the true extent of adaptat","authors_text":"Dalia Ghanem, Daniel Schuurman, Felix Pretis","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2026-07-24T06:53:12Z","title":"To what extent can long-differencing capture climate adaptation?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2607.22028","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a20f35e756b2d0e2902a599b63f1f019510e5da76508a196a035e0795c90a529","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d69df47a9790ca47a25d60b003d7c5547e9f054aac1e76c1c7d7f06d2263552d","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2026-07-24T06:53:12Z","title_canon_sha256":"16f2cab33b1f85199d796eaee39e6a8ea4d90e86c7266b500d97190d8b9dd88e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2607.22028","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"bf7665be03f377834c40500db504d0e9efb324129206b878a951dcdb711c4af6","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"bf7665be03f377834c40500db504d0e9efb324129206b878a951dcdb711c4af6","first_computed_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44.066233Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44.066233Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"x0Ouwy/bSW2U9El1kb1dZ7m0T/injHUzN1Q6zJPm0wLCW1QV47YdWp35VOvuY/vcAknT3Y9mTK7/TTgj9jMrBQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-27T01:20:44.067295Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2607.22028","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a20f35e756b2d0e2902a599b63f1f019510e5da76508a196a035e0795c90a529","sha256:e277d42e46bde3afa66c2efd3f2645a0c8154abdb44f663fd4d780af4d565598"],"state_sha256":"4bfda3caccfe395f2c7a2000fc103f149d3b8ff0f8fde6bc6529b263fd651039"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"5N7xyWWiTvINS+FI5/Aqt1HdVM7ipoTLEP2SnUyH92Vzp8+Ji4yjn+wIAiGCvVuqM3be0S9OE+OQMbF4hHO+Aw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T08:07:21.313247Z","bundle_sha256":"50d99e22e2eb481c10df0b96f482d07e491cdde518615bc4a9f4460c218b6d45"}}