{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:X5J5LG2LTF44ODIJ64H23VJZRY","short_pith_number":"pith:X5J5LG2L","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2405.10986","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2024-05-15T20:28:15Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"58bfa4ff752d386b94bae92c2fd4fd353f2616efa3f7e01294b4ccef5a1655d0","abstract_canon_sha256":"694d35bccec5ddaf15f81fe7d3f779aa81f610309681ef34562f88b3cf91d3bb"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bf53d59b4b9979c70d09f70fadd5398e2eaaf73d9764f916405eaa8bc6642cfa","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2405.10986","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2405.10986","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2405.10986v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2405.10986","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"X5J5LG2LTF44","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"X5J5LG2LTF44ODIJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"X5J5LG2L","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:X5J5LG2LTF44ODIJ64H23VJZRY","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2405.10986","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2024-05-15T20:28:15Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"58bfa4ff752d386b94bae92c2fd4fd353f2616efa3f7e01294b4ccef5a1655d0","abstract_canon_sha256":"694d35bccec5ddaf15f81fe7d3f779aa81f610309681ef34562f88b3cf91d3bb"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bf53d59b4b9979c70d09f70fadd5398e2eaaf73d9764f916405eaa8bc6642cfa","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31.083749Z","signature_b64":"InGT8P/255FHI+IxHkrwOqFYbZb+hbr9Ib/WIm34iIahwBYC5YTk8UOazrQFOEkqGcb2g5nSmS+7bg5RJdNVCA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"bf53d59b4b9979c70d09f70fadd5398e2eaaf73d9764f916405eaa8bc6642cfa","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31.083355Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31.083355Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2405.10986","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"cMVL0SXspWe3FzCJ+YMYIdb4V+FPqdlECQrsXSsktD7JRr/g5TvD0+/cu6XJNNo1UQgZlhSwE+usmy/HNpjpAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-01T17:49:15.861646Z"},"content_sha256":"787d01e66294785f345ee213537c98dd451411bdfc37d0b1e1d693c3f7c4e087","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:787d01e66294785f345ee213537c98dd451411bdfc37d0b1e1d693c3f7c4e087"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:X5J5LG2LTF44ODIJ64H23VJZRY","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Benchmark Early and Red Team Often: A Framework for Assessing and Managing Dual-Use Hazards of AI Foundation Models","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CY","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Anthony M. Barrett, Evan R. Murphy, Jessica Newman, Krystal Jackson, Nada Madkour","submitted_at":"2024-05-15T20:28:15Z","abstract_excerpt":"A concern about cutting-edge or \"frontier\" AI foundation models is that an adversary may use the models for preparing chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, (CBRN), cyber, or other attacks. At least two methods can identify foundation models with potential dual-use capability; each has advantages and disadvantages: A. Open benchmarks (based on openly available questions and answers), which are low-cost but accuracy-limited by the need to omit security-sensitive details; and B. Closed red team evaluations (based on private evaluation by CBRN and cyber experts), which are higher-cost but c"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2405.10986","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2405.10986/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"S810pGURuUiSTnKjyLDHvQPrwo3d+dbPNjWF/5Uog+6YtRXn6sYqyInpt7SxIxldgtthQ3a1uqWFeTtpAC1rDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-01T17:49:15.862592Z"},"content_sha256":"0b26ec68b284fa299fdc1b6380d15d240f94a834503b35510c3acd4310270398","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0b26ec68b284fa299fdc1b6380d15d240f94a834503b35510c3acd4310270398"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/X5J5LG2LTF44ODIJ64H23VJZRY/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/X5J5LG2LTF44ODIJ64H23VJZRY/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/X5J5LG2LTF44ODIJ64H23VJZRY/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-01T17:49:15Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/X5J5LG2LTF44ODIJ64H23VJZRY","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/X5J5LG2LTF44ODIJ64H23VJZRY/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/X5J5LG2LTF44ODIJ64H23VJZRY/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/X5J5LG2LTF44ODIJ64H23VJZRY/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:X5J5LG2LTF44ODIJ64H23VJZRY","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"694d35bccec5ddaf15f81fe7d3f779aa81f610309681ef34562f88b3cf91d3bb","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY","cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2024-05-15T20:28:15Z","title_canon_sha256":"58bfa4ff752d386b94bae92c2fd4fd353f2616efa3f7e01294b4ccef5a1655d0"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2405.10986","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2405.10986","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2405.10986v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2405.10986","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"X5J5LG2LTF44","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"X5J5LG2LTF44ODIJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"X5J5LG2L","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0b26ec68b284fa299fdc1b6380d15d240f94a834503b35510c3acd4310270398","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2405.10986/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"A concern about cutting-edge or \"frontier\" AI foundation models is that an adversary may use the models for preparing chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, (CBRN), cyber, or other attacks. At least two methods can identify foundation models with potential dual-use capability; each has advantages and disadvantages: A. Open benchmarks (based on openly available questions and answers), which are low-cost but accuracy-limited by the need to omit security-sensitive details; and B. Closed red team evaluations (based on private evaluation by CBRN and cyber experts), which are higher-cost but c","authors_text":"Anthony M. Barrett, Evan R. Murphy, Jessica Newman, Krystal Jackson, Nada Madkour","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CY","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2024-05-15T20:28:15Z","title":"Benchmark Early and Red Team Often: A Framework for Assessing and Managing Dual-Use Hazards of AI Foundation Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2405.10986","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:787d01e66294785f345ee213537c98dd451411bdfc37d0b1e1d693c3f7c4e087","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"694d35bccec5ddaf15f81fe7d3f779aa81f610309681ef34562f88b3cf91d3bb","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY","cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2024-05-15T20:28:15Z","title_canon_sha256":"58bfa4ff752d386b94bae92c2fd4fd353f2616efa3f7e01294b4ccef5a1655d0"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2405.10986","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"bf53d59b4b9979c70d09f70fadd5398e2eaaf73d9764f916405eaa8bc6642cfa","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"bf53d59b4b9979c70d09f70fadd5398e2eaaf73d9764f916405eaa8bc6642cfa","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31.083355Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31.083355Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"InGT8P/255FHI+IxHkrwOqFYbZb+hbr9Ib/WIm34iIahwBYC5YTk8UOazrQFOEkqGcb2g5nSmS+7bg5RJdNVCA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:20:31.083749Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2405.10986","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:787d01e66294785f345ee213537c98dd451411bdfc37d0b1e1d693c3f7c4e087","sha256:0b26ec68b284fa299fdc1b6380d15d240f94a834503b35510c3acd4310270398"],"state_sha256":"996d0c6f5e2b31df1895d871d2d30f8a9c12d5f7b444f402720286246becbe3e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"TIk258dNDup5lFjeXLA4vpsqJJN8gAdi+bB7GnZ8z1ypXmWcC28+KgNjXpsqGTioV6LdYeQYsbjSX1ys1ZzwCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-01T17:49:15.868227Z","bundle_sha256":"3d2832cea83debc732ac2399b680b6199e0ce256a9d3bd9a0b52c418a5383cd6"}}