{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:XB7SR6GAGTXEI44JX7OHBYL7OO","short_pith_number":"pith:XB7SR6GA","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.15170","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2026-05-14T17:55:57Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"98b9c4fdcded386adc93364506c3ff193bf5e8de0f9a60f120e985aff4345344","abstract_canon_sha256":"f3d2fd9d3fcdf955ef309eca2b3f4f05b2f544c6cb6ab21084a36f42271095b5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b87f28f8c034ee447389bfdc70e17f738294ec72f8c4baec9d4b6dc0dc15e214","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2605.15170","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.15170","created_at":"2026-05-17T21:18:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.15170v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T21:18:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XB7SR6GAGTXE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XB7SR6GAGTXEI44J","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XB7SR6GA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:XB7SR6GAGTXEI44JX7OHBYL7OO","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.15170","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2026-05-14T17:55:57Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"98b9c4fdcded386adc93364506c3ff193bf5e8de0f9a60f120e985aff4345344","abstract_canon_sha256":"f3d2fd9d3fcdf955ef309eca2b3f4f05b2f544c6cb6ab21084a36f42271095b5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b87f28f8c034ee447389bfdc70e17f738294ec72f8c4baec9d4b6dc0dc15e214","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.2","canonical_sha256":"b87f28f8c034ee447389bfdc70e17f738294ec72f8c4baec9d4b6dc0dc15e214","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T21:57:18.627332Z","signature_status":"unsigned_v0","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T21:40:25.291595Z"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2605.15170","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T21:18:32Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"jfxAt4Tq+gUvqaxLPfcVZxI4OrYVdYe5FWnX6TA1JURAFQz2EPP2eu0sIhVupBWBr1hNrvNGu5mIJKXDoVBzCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T06:37:45.755811Z"},"content_sha256":"d147d37eb1b781210b144bac05292cc67a9994bceebee9fd2b3efef07de5e0e1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d147d37eb1b781210b144bac05292cc67a9994bceebee9fd2b3efef07de5e0e1"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:XB7SR6GAGTXEI44JX7OHBYL7OO","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The Role of Formation Location in Shaping Sulfur-, Nitrogen-, and Carbon-Bearing Species in Super-Earth and Sub-Neptune Atmospheres","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"Formation location imprints on atmospheric C/O ratios and silicon species in super-Earths and sub-Neptunes even after magma ocean equilibration, with nitrogen depletion as a common result.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","authors_text":"Aaron Werlen, Annika Salmi, Caroline Dorn, Lukas Felix, Remo Burn","submitted_at":"2026-05-14T17:55:57Z","abstract_excerpt":"Atmospheric compositions of sub-Neptunes and super-Earths are often interpreted as tracers of formation location relative to volatile ice lines. However, prolonged magma oceans can chemically equilibrate with primordial atmospheres and modify accreted volatile signatures. In this study, we couple a synthetic planet population from the Bern Generation III formation model to an extended global chemical equilibrium framework including sulfur and nitrogen chemistry, and compare accreted and equilibrated compositions for $\\sim$ 1200 young planets shortly after formation ($\\sim$ 40 Myr) formed insid"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"We identify atmospheric C/O, SiH4, and H2O as potential indicators of formation location, while nitrogen depletion emerges as a generic outcome of magma ocean equilibration.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"That the extended global chemical equilibrium framework and the Bern Generation III synthetic population accurately capture the dominant processes without significant kinetic barriers or missing reactions at ~40 Myr.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Magma ocean equilibration depletes atmospheric nitrogen and shifts C/O ratios in sub-Neptune atmospheres, making C/O, SiH4, and H2O potential tracers of formation location.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Formation location imprints on atmospheric C/O ratios and silicon species in super-Earths and sub-Neptunes even after magma ocean equilibration, with nitrogen depletion as a common result.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"dcbd104c41ae8cd649d968b56f9bb48294ca3bde3b348f0e57b8a3697c6145d4"},"source":{"id":"2605.15170","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"402a6818-ecbb-4b96-931a-fa2cc5d11f49","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-15T02:51:28.299669Z","strongest_claim":"We identify atmospheric C/O, SiH4, and H2O as potential indicators of formation location, while nitrogen depletion emerges as a generic outcome of magma ocean equilibration.","one_line_summary":"Magma ocean equilibration depletes atmospheric nitrogen and shifts C/O ratios in sub-Neptune atmospheres, making C/O, SiH4, and H2O potential tracers of formation location.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"That the extended global chemical equilibrium framework and the Bern Generation III synthetic population accurately capture the dominant processes without significant kinetic barriers or missing reactions at ~40 Myr.","pith_extraction_headline":"Formation location imprints on atmospheric C/O ratios and silicon species in super-Earths and sub-Neptunes even after magma ocean equilibration, with nitrogen depletion as a common result."},"references":{"count":100,"sample":[{"doi":"10.1016/j.chemer.2017.01.007","year":2017,"title":"2017, Geochemistry, 77, 227, doi: 10.1016/j.chemer.2017.01.007","work_id":"6c8585f8-fffb-45e1-a412-93a8c154925c","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/aa7da1","year":2017,"title":"Anderson, D. E., Bergin, E. A., Blake, G. A., et al. 2017, The Astrophysical Journal, 845, 13, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa7da1","work_id":"2974154d-9696-42b3-be7e-b5a768e75811","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.2138/am-1998-9-1022","year":1998,"title":"D., & Ghiorso, M","work_id":"761e0543-8128-4b9a-8dde-fc2ab8631983","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1073/pnas.1505672112","year":2015,"title":"P., Piet, H., Siebert, J., & Ryerson, F","work_id":"465190a0-b0f2-4724-8dc3-202be6e750ff","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.3847/1538-3881/ac9f45","year":2022,"title":"E., Wolfgang, A., Teske, J., et al","work_id":"078e9c5e-0a3b-4ab0-b030-5aaca4bf2ff4","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":100,"snapshot_sha256":"00beff2fcf7efb86d0aa0afd95a9c9746d566d57f35b7a4de2dc5853af760376","internal_anchors":2},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"snapshot_sha256":"1cd7ee3ccbcf857fd8ca9acb3fc19aa7ad1b0aa30f37e93e15264b932e648177"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":"402a6818-ecbb-4b96-931a-fa2cc5d11f49"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T21:57:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"tQRwiJrLu50kjx2D4AS/Eg17TROxygL3VwxbWfViWwXNNrIpObIVkcQL713jH+MVdrbceuOmhEwauxCE1xU0CQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T06:37:45.756330Z"},"content_sha256":"7acad3644179e7c094142e5803138da1ea142d5d2e76250ec7f283c2f8ad96ea","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7acad3644179e7c094142e5803138da1ea142d5d2e76250ec7f283c2f8ad96ea"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XB7SR6GAGTXEI44JX7OHBYL7OO/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XB7SR6GAGTXEI44JX7OHBYL7OO/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XB7SR6GAGTXEI44JX7OHBYL7OO/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-01T06:37:45Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/XB7SR6GAGTXEI44JX7OHBYL7OO","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/XB7SR6GAGTXEI44JX7OHBYL7OO/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/XB7SR6GAGTXEI44JX7OHBYL7OO/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XB7SR6GAGTXEI44JX7OHBYL7OO/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:XB7SR6GAGTXEI44JX7OHBYL7OO","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f3d2fd9d3fcdf955ef309eca2b3f4f05b2f544c6cb6ab21084a36f42271095b5","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2026-05-14T17:55:57Z","title_canon_sha256":"98b9c4fdcded386adc93364506c3ff193bf5e8de0f9a60f120e985aff4345344"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.15170","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.15170","created_at":"2026-05-17T21:18:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.15170v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T21:18:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XB7SR6GAGTXE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XB7SR6GAGTXEI44J","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XB7SR6GA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:7acad3644179e7c094142e5803138da1ea142d5d2e76250ec7f283c2f8ad96ea","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T21:57:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C1","kind":"strongest_claim","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","text":"We identify atmospheric C/O, SiH4, and H2O as potential indicators of formation location, while nitrogen depletion emerges as a generic outcome of magma ocean equilibration."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C2","kind":"weakest_assumption","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","text":"That the extended global chemical equilibrium framework and the Bern Generation III synthetic population accurately capture the dominant processes without significant kinetic barriers or missing reactions at ~40 Myr."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C3","kind":"one_line_summary","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","text":"Magma ocean equilibration depletes atmospheric nitrogen and shifts C/O ratios in sub-Neptune atmospheres, making C/O, SiH4, and H2O potential tracers of formation location."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C4","kind":"headline","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","text":"Formation location imprints on atmospheric C/O ratios and silicon species in super-Earths and sub-Neptunes even after magma ocean equilibration, with nitrogen depletion as a common result."}],"snapshot_sha256":"dcbd104c41ae8cd649d968b56f9bb48294ca3bde3b348f0e57b8a3697c6145d4"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"snapshot_sha256":"1cd7ee3ccbcf857fd8ca9acb3fc19aa7ad1b0aa30f37e93e15264b932e648177"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Atmospheric compositions of sub-Neptunes and super-Earths are often interpreted as tracers of formation location relative to volatile ice lines. However, prolonged magma oceans can chemically equilibrate with primordial atmospheres and modify accreted volatile signatures. In this study, we couple a synthetic planet population from the Bern Generation III formation model to an extended global chemical equilibrium framework including sulfur and nitrogen chemistry, and compare accreted and equilibrated compositions for $\\sim$ 1200 young planets shortly after formation ($\\sim$ 40 Myr) formed insid","authors_text":"Aaron Werlen, Annika Salmi, Caroline Dorn, Lukas Felix, Remo Burn","cross_cats":[],"headline":"Formation location imprints on atmospheric C/O ratios and silicon species in super-Earths and sub-Neptunes even after magma ocean equilibration, with nitrogen depletion as a common result.","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2026-05-14T17:55:57Z","title":"The Role of Formation Location in Shaping Sulfur-, Nitrogen-, and Carbon-Bearing Species in Super-Earth and Sub-Neptune Atmospheres"},"references":{"count":100,"internal_anchors":2,"resolved_work":100,"sample":[{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"10.1016/j.chemer.2017.01.007","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":1,"title":"2017, Geochemistry, 77, 227, doi: 10.1016/j.chemer.2017.01.007","work_id":"6c8585f8-fffb-45e1-a412-93a8c154925c","year":2017},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/aa7da1","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":2,"title":"Anderson, D. E., Bergin, E. A., Blake, G. A., et al. 2017, The Astrophysical Journal, 845, 13, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa7da1","work_id":"2974154d-9696-42b3-be7e-b5a768e75811","year":2017},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"10.2138/am-1998-9-1022","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":3,"title":"D., & Ghiorso, M","work_id":"761e0543-8128-4b9a-8dde-fc2ab8631983","year":1998},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1505672112","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":4,"title":"P., Piet, H., Siebert, J., & Ryerson, F","work_id":"465190a0-b0f2-4724-8dc3-202be6e750ff","year":2015},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"10.3847/1538-3881/ac9f45","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":5,"title":"E., Wolfgang, A., Teske, J., et al","work_id":"078e9c5e-0a3b-4ab0-b030-5aaca4bf2ff4","year":2022}],"snapshot_sha256":"00beff2fcf7efb86d0aa0afd95a9c9746d566d57f35b7a4de2dc5853af760376"},"source":{"id":"2605.15170","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":"2026-05-15T02:51:28.299669Z","id":"402a6818-ecbb-4b96-931a-fa2cc5d11f49","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"one_line_summary":"Magma ocean equilibration depletes atmospheric nitrogen and shifts C/O ratios in sub-Neptune atmospheres, making C/O, SiH4, and H2O potential tracers of formation location.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","pith_extraction_headline":"Formation location imprints on atmospheric C/O ratios and silicon species in super-Earths and sub-Neptunes even after magma ocean equilibration, with nitrogen depletion as a common result.","strongest_claim":"We identify atmospheric C/O, SiH4, and H2O as potential indicators of formation location, while nitrogen depletion emerges as a generic outcome of magma ocean equilibration.","weakest_assumption":"That the extended global chemical equilibrium framework and the Bern Generation III synthetic population accurately capture the dominant processes without significant kinetic barriers or missing reactions at ~40 Myr."}},"verdict_id":"402a6818-ecbb-4b96-931a-fa2cc5d11f49"}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:d147d37eb1b781210b144bac05292cc67a9994bceebee9fd2b3efef07de5e0e1","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T21:18:32Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f3d2fd9d3fcdf955ef309eca2b3f4f05b2f544c6cb6ab21084a36f42271095b5","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2026-05-14T17:55:57Z","title_canon_sha256":"98b9c4fdcded386adc93364506c3ff193bf5e8de0f9a60f120e985aff4345344"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.15170","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"b87f28f8c034ee447389bfdc70e17f738294ec72f8c4baec9d4b6dc0dc15e214","receipt":{"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"b87f28f8c034ee447389bfdc70e17f738294ec72f8c4baec9d4b6dc0dc15e214","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T21:40:25.291595Z","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T21:57:18.627332Z","receipt_version":"0.2","signature_status":"unsigned_v0"},"source_id":"2605.15170","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:d147d37eb1b781210b144bac05292cc67a9994bceebee9fd2b3efef07de5e0e1","sha256:7acad3644179e7c094142e5803138da1ea142d5d2e76250ec7f283c2f8ad96ea"],"state_sha256":"8c27122448a222384f7d1c49c01080fa2130fbd11fc49b8fcb3849d38cdc4a1d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4R9VyE7ksKe9rcU7lFJZ26VaK2Z8Kh/U8jsdvfevQH7XZJX//dZZZBGCiCA6HtYhoV6g/Bsv/GEPBq+ENwhgBw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T06:37:45.758604Z","bundle_sha256":"6e8b6b4d5dc6f547d36394513dcb5adadbd4f30b47e526750aea7cdc9736fba6"}}