{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:XBDTBTG4M3CYOWFWWAN7CMC674","short_pith_number":"pith:XBDTBTG4","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2311.15932","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2023-11-27T15:39:32Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"70b4312b04d29659d001169dc7ba6c288c74a773219b87ae9e7cf2c0ed663411","abstract_canon_sha256":"fb0ffa575f867f16203c0a7869d99800fad1360e831d34374fe0112bc5929d60"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b84730ccdc66c58758b6b01bf1305eff291d950503b20c59d081c651c8aa4a01","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2311.15932","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2311.15932","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2311.15932v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2311.15932","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XBDTBTG4M3CY","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XBDTBTG4M3CYOWFW","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XBDTBTG4","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:XBDTBTG4M3CYOWFWWAN7CMC674","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2311.15932","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2023-11-27T15:39:32Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"70b4312b04d29659d001169dc7ba6c288c74a773219b87ae9e7cf2c0ed663411","abstract_canon_sha256":"fb0ffa575f867f16203c0a7869d99800fad1360e831d34374fe0112bc5929d60"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b84730ccdc66c58758b6b01bf1305eff291d950503b20c59d081c651c8aa4a01","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11.410236Z","signature_b64":"OcjY7VxgEgwGUoDyuCCfgWlt0wtdeZq0TP1FRrlXdusGuXpcJDGQRzDXMnJTRjEcptE1vxHK9iSJkEs7VyedDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"b84730ccdc66c58758b6b01bf1305eff291d950503b20c59d081c651c8aa4a01","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11.409769Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11.409769Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2311.15932","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9BUKSnyQUjAHW/k31aw9301e4FFUDWVue2S3lqfdbvItWqvx1Cn51hZY9bhUcY3nszI797OmHI2A3Uwt2Y3KCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T09:36:01.179918Z"},"content_sha256":"70d5e5cfc9e5d150b905eba32cdf2a2fc123de64cf5a57d5879ebc5ec238da5d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:70d5e5cfc9e5d150b905eba32cdf2a2fc123de64cf5a57d5879ebc5ec238da5d"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:XBDTBTG4M3CYOWFWWAN7CMC674","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Valid Wald Inference with Many Weak Instruments","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"econ.EM","authors_text":"Luther Yap","submitted_at":"2023-11-27T15:39:32Z","abstract_excerpt":"This paper proposes three novel test procedures that yield valid inference in an environment with many weak instrumental variables (MWIV). It is observed that the t statistic of the jackknife instrumental variable estimator (JIVE) has an asymptotic distribution that is identical to the two-stage-least squares (TSLS) t statistic in the just-identified environment. Consequently, test procedures that were valid for TSLS t are also valid for the JIVE t. Two such procedures, i.e., VtF and conditional Wald, are adapted directly. By exploiting a feature of MWIV environments, a third, more powerful, o"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2311.15932","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2311.15932/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Qlgnk2clNxec+WdMsmW51PIhF5gZ7AGLctC0196TYf3H+z28zUPXincnakdI1lx/JGiApmrnxjqNKdmCQ0fcDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T09:36:01.180447Z"},"content_sha256":"5cb4be8021c7947f91b1d75c0f7bc42b671f48cdaf046184714a860d0c6dae45","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:5cb4be8021c7947f91b1d75c0f7bc42b671f48cdaf046184714a860d0c6dae45"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XBDTBTG4M3CYOWFWWAN7CMC674/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XBDTBTG4M3CYOWFWWAN7CMC674/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XBDTBTG4M3CYOWFWWAN7CMC674/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-18T09:36:01Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/XBDTBTG4M3CYOWFWWAN7CMC674","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/XBDTBTG4M3CYOWFWWAN7CMC674/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/XBDTBTG4M3CYOWFWWAN7CMC674/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XBDTBTG4M3CYOWFWWAN7CMC674/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:XBDTBTG4M3CYOWFWWAN7CMC674","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"fb0ffa575f867f16203c0a7869d99800fad1360e831d34374fe0112bc5929d60","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2023-11-27T15:39:32Z","title_canon_sha256":"70b4312b04d29659d001169dc7ba6c288c74a773219b87ae9e7cf2c0ed663411"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2311.15932","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2311.15932","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2311.15932v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2311.15932","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XBDTBTG4M3CY","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XBDTBTG4M3CYOWFW","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XBDTBTG4","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:5cb4be8021c7947f91b1d75c0f7bc42b671f48cdaf046184714a860d0c6dae45","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2311.15932/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"This paper proposes three novel test procedures that yield valid inference in an environment with many weak instrumental variables (MWIV). It is observed that the t statistic of the jackknife instrumental variable estimator (JIVE) has an asymptotic distribution that is identical to the two-stage-least squares (TSLS) t statistic in the just-identified environment. Consequently, test procedures that were valid for TSLS t are also valid for the JIVE t. Two such procedures, i.e., VtF and conditional Wald, are adapted directly. By exploiting a feature of MWIV environments, a third, more powerful, o","authors_text":"Luther Yap","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2023-11-27T15:39:32Z","title":"Valid Wald Inference with Many Weak Instruments"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2311.15932","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:70d5e5cfc9e5d150b905eba32cdf2a2fc123de64cf5a57d5879ebc5ec238da5d","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"fb0ffa575f867f16203c0a7869d99800fad1360e831d34374fe0112bc5929d60","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"econ.EM","submitted_at":"2023-11-27T15:39:32Z","title_canon_sha256":"70b4312b04d29659d001169dc7ba6c288c74a773219b87ae9e7cf2c0ed663411"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2311.15932","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"b84730ccdc66c58758b6b01bf1305eff291d950503b20c59d081c651c8aa4a01","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"b84730ccdc66c58758b6b01bf1305eff291d950503b20c59d081c651c8aa4a01","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11.409769Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11.409769Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"OcjY7VxgEgwGUoDyuCCfgWlt0wtdeZq0TP1FRrlXdusGuXpcJDGQRzDXMnJTRjEcptE1vxHK9iSJkEs7VyedDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:17:11.410236Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2311.15932","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:70d5e5cfc9e5d150b905eba32cdf2a2fc123de64cf5a57d5879ebc5ec238da5d","sha256:5cb4be8021c7947f91b1d75c0f7bc42b671f48cdaf046184714a860d0c6dae45"],"state_sha256":"71bb429a3328789c97c8a25eb185d25353c98a697e6e0d6aaf789f3c80e66390"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"xJ+yNkF0BE3UVCJWfKJTJoaqRuT0PdifLAEOpcCDujV7/AkfhwhUn5L7h3YVeUuvWV2blnz1Qn/GXMJ0JsO6CQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T09:36:01.185601Z","bundle_sha256":"acca8ff1a4a449f9be3c502a3f40071d109cd4bc68a1a7ec56bea35abddf535d"}}