{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:XCH45ZNA2EXZMLEE6UHSXWVGVF","short_pith_number":"pith:XCH45ZNA","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2202.02096","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2022-02-04T12:08:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"87cee6c1a52dd22b6b92c65e488d7516c3cc476bfe1a15f1068714ef7f30ab28","abstract_canon_sha256":"68603f0755af097f35cc5275e8dd90584c659ca47fcde129d39e04c23a79c411"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b88fcee5a0d12f962c84f50f2bdaa6a961e5c6bf85382c99e6d6cfa58e63f5fd","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2202.02096","version":4},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2202.02096","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2202.02096v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2202.02096","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XCH45ZNA2EXZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XCH45ZNA2EXZMLEE","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XCH45ZNA","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:XCH45ZNA2EXZMLEE6UHSXWVGVF","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2202.02096","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2022-02-04T12:08:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"87cee6c1a52dd22b6b92c65e488d7516c3cc476bfe1a15f1068714ef7f30ab28","abstract_canon_sha256":"68603f0755af097f35cc5275e8dd90584c659ca47fcde129d39e04c23a79c411"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b88fcee5a0d12f962c84f50f2bdaa6a961e5c6bf85382c99e6d6cfa58e63f5fd","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03.475216Z","signature_b64":"lB9TMfr7IywlRWmlDp0OV8rh7fwHpPsN+1MMbIShOxPbNCCr3FuIwMjQ/6YHX10FtYXhP8S6PeWqMJf1/u1nAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"b88fcee5a0d12f962c84f50f2bdaa6a961e5c6bf85382c99e6d6cfa58e63f5fd","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03.474713Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03.474713Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2202.02096","source_version":4,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Fj6fwC6XhSLyh/zsmTkyT8WV6DlAfp2P3ByxSW032/3vt3x0bepXGE1f0iTslYkwXr/b+4mvs60kBhDPtz0ODw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T10:05:10.313084Z"},"content_sha256":"605475161d09f0a99012048e8859b35ad7ae095a0be464c40f0dc71996b334f7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:605475161d09f0a99012048e8859b35ad7ae095a0be464c40f0dc71996b334f7"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:XCH45ZNA2EXZMLEE6UHSXWVGVF","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"To Impute or not to Impute? Missing Data in Treatment Effect Estimation","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"stat.ML","authors_text":"Fergus Imrie, James Jordon, Jeroen Berrevoets, Mihaela van der Schaar, Trent Kyono","submitted_at":"2022-02-04T12:08:31Z","abstract_excerpt":"Missing data is a systemic problem in practical scenarios that causes noise and bias when estimating treatment effects. This makes treatment effect estimation from data with missingness a particularly tricky endeavour. A key reason for this is that standard assumptions on missingness are rendered insufficient due to the presence of an additional variable, treatment, besides the input (e.g. an individual) and the label (e.g. an outcome). The treatment variable introduces additional complexity with respect to why some variables are missing that is not fully explored by previous work. In our work"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2202.02096","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2202.02096/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"vd8CFeXGyZxaGJPpoMp6NQNQfyUAYagKmCIjctyYWsisxDiLPSuAEVDT3tJeWFNT2A8J8jUZLRQnvVy9Rx8ZCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T10:05:10.313465Z"},"content_sha256":"185986b3d1104806b60506efb739ad06479bc17ff6a7e73b44cfdd905282f1a2","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:185986b3d1104806b60506efb739ad06479bc17ff6a7e73b44cfdd905282f1a2"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XCH45ZNA2EXZMLEE6UHSXWVGVF/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XCH45ZNA2EXZMLEE6UHSXWVGVF/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XCH45ZNA2EXZMLEE6UHSXWVGVF/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-07T10:05:10Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/XCH45ZNA2EXZMLEE6UHSXWVGVF","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/XCH45ZNA2EXZMLEE6UHSXWVGVF/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/XCH45ZNA2EXZMLEE6UHSXWVGVF/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XCH45ZNA2EXZMLEE6UHSXWVGVF/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:XCH45ZNA2EXZMLEE6UHSXWVGVF","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"68603f0755af097f35cc5275e8dd90584c659ca47fcde129d39e04c23a79c411","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2022-02-04T12:08:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"87cee6c1a52dd22b6b92c65e488d7516c3cc476bfe1a15f1068714ef7f30ab28"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2202.02096","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2202.02096","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2202.02096v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2202.02096","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XCH45ZNA2EXZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XCH45ZNA2EXZMLEE","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XCH45ZNA","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:185986b3d1104806b60506efb739ad06479bc17ff6a7e73b44cfdd905282f1a2","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2202.02096/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Missing data is a systemic problem in practical scenarios that causes noise and bias when estimating treatment effects. This makes treatment effect estimation from data with missingness a particularly tricky endeavour. A key reason for this is that standard assumptions on missingness are rendered insufficient due to the presence of an additional variable, treatment, besides the input (e.g. an individual) and the label (e.g. an outcome). The treatment variable introduces additional complexity with respect to why some variables are missing that is not fully explored by previous work. In our work","authors_text":"Fergus Imrie, James Jordon, Jeroen Berrevoets, Mihaela van der Schaar, Trent Kyono","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2022-02-04T12:08:31Z","title":"To Impute or not to Impute? Missing Data in Treatment Effect Estimation"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2202.02096","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:605475161d09f0a99012048e8859b35ad7ae095a0be464c40f0dc71996b334f7","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"68603f0755af097f35cc5275e8dd90584c659ca47fcde129d39e04c23a79c411","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2022-02-04T12:08:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"87cee6c1a52dd22b6b92c65e488d7516c3cc476bfe1a15f1068714ef7f30ab28"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2202.02096","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"canonical_sha256":"b88fcee5a0d12f962c84f50f2bdaa6a961e5c6bf85382c99e6d6cfa58e63f5fd","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"b88fcee5a0d12f962c84f50f2bdaa6a961e5c6bf85382c99e6d6cfa58e63f5fd","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03.474713Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03.474713Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"lB9TMfr7IywlRWmlDp0OV8rh7fwHpPsN+1MMbIShOxPbNCCr3FuIwMjQ/6YHX10FtYXhP8S6PeWqMJf1/u1nAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:45:03.475216Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2202.02096","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":4}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:605475161d09f0a99012048e8859b35ad7ae095a0be464c40f0dc71996b334f7","sha256:185986b3d1104806b60506efb739ad06479bc17ff6a7e73b44cfdd905282f1a2"],"state_sha256":"4a741d6f25f274d5b6d63597fc0130181b98da62647ee8d032151f1d1f28f434"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/TNmprwQ9zxytkZl3ra2+XDJisIfF/LVAK37cDSnUPymMoALQsEsfIR5GGrbb5kJhuT8Z/OLY6QG0wHYK3gLCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T10:05:10.315376Z","bundle_sha256":"6eb543c202088c99897a88038ba725ce69f4c2535b4110c7651b483aea2165dd"}}