{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:XCLZZWZ7UXIEUAKDBAITH23V3M","short_pith_number":"pith:XCLZZWZ7","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2401.11352","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-01-21T00:21:25Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"41ce9acbe8133f2f947f1e00a92d19d0396739e64de2bdd464a23c55fe8c0f4e","abstract_canon_sha256":"eb88dc8571c4dd8c90570e1ebf6078764b3d187d5ade16271550ec177cdf927d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b8979cdb3fa5d04a0143081133eb75db05fab172353fa63b38a781c63b691894","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2401.11352","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2401.11352","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2401.11352v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2401.11352","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XCLZZWZ7UXIE","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XCLZZWZ7UXIEUAKD","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XCLZZWZ7","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:XCLZZWZ7UXIEUAKDBAITH23V3M","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2401.11352","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-01-21T00:21:25Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"41ce9acbe8133f2f947f1e00a92d19d0396739e64de2bdd464a23c55fe8c0f4e","abstract_canon_sha256":"eb88dc8571c4dd8c90570e1ebf6078764b3d187d5ade16271550ec177cdf927d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b8979cdb3fa5d04a0143081133eb75db05fab172353fa63b38a781c63b691894","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13.743411Z","signature_b64":"9a3V3mZF//XksjzcSAf/f+EaU3SKHidj7LFnVFxI6LEmMXw+3O+7IC9003ET052o2FiyThGQ9aMvWCB3Pz+FAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"b8979cdb3fa5d04a0143081133eb75db05fab172353fa63b38a781c63b691894","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13.742879Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13.742879Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2401.11352","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4Kem2Jx2EQyZTFRYCpyrHg2zslNfIM0j2mw3JDPhpXlQNH74hEPfq+Caod18dnQf+zuC4YmJsjI9EeAhsI7RAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T06:54:14.510835Z"},"content_sha256":"baf8bfd407794c023d6b85b0d5c42faeba71589b9818ddbe70aeb4f08881c540","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:baf8bfd407794c023d6b85b0d5c42faeba71589b9818ddbe70aeb4f08881c540"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:XCLZZWZ7UXIEUAKDBAITH23V3M","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A Connection Between Covariate Adjustment and Stratified Randomization in Randomized Clinical Trials","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Zhiwei Zhang","submitted_at":"2024-01-21T00:21:25Z","abstract_excerpt":"The statistical efficiency of randomized clinical trials can be improved by incorporating information from baseline covariates (i.e., pre-treatment patient characteristics). This can be done in the design stage using stratified (permutated block) randomization or in the analysis stage through covariate adjustment. This article makes a connection between covariate adjustment and stratified randomization in a general framework where all regular, asymptotically linear estimators are identified as augmented estimators. From a geometric perspective, covariate adjustment can be viewed as an attempt "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2401.11352","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2401.11352/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"LogtcLYV1y+DzWmSENXZqg2GiMNztuQEmxywBFffQjD/GyOL6/IPrCiowGd6/JE2wwtrBaB/eMs2by9kkdD9Bw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T06:54:14.511902Z"},"content_sha256":"3e041dacb1bca02dc9b14ec1e5787ae849c2a846244e506772390134b79f9ede","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3e041dacb1bca02dc9b14ec1e5787ae849c2a846244e506772390134b79f9ede"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XCLZZWZ7UXIEUAKDBAITH23V3M/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XCLZZWZ7UXIEUAKDBAITH23V3M/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XCLZZWZ7UXIEUAKDBAITH23V3M/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-07T06:54:14Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/XCLZZWZ7UXIEUAKDBAITH23V3M","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/XCLZZWZ7UXIEUAKDBAITH23V3M/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/XCLZZWZ7UXIEUAKDBAITH23V3M/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XCLZZWZ7UXIEUAKDBAITH23V3M/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:XCLZZWZ7UXIEUAKDBAITH23V3M","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"eb88dc8571c4dd8c90570e1ebf6078764b3d187d5ade16271550ec177cdf927d","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-01-21T00:21:25Z","title_canon_sha256":"41ce9acbe8133f2f947f1e00a92d19d0396739e64de2bdd464a23c55fe8c0f4e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2401.11352","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2401.11352","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2401.11352v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2401.11352","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XCLZZWZ7UXIE","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XCLZZWZ7UXIEUAKD","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XCLZZWZ7","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3e041dacb1bca02dc9b14ec1e5787ae849c2a846244e506772390134b79f9ede","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2401.11352/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The statistical efficiency of randomized clinical trials can be improved by incorporating information from baseline covariates (i.e., pre-treatment patient characteristics). This can be done in the design stage using stratified (permutated block) randomization or in the analysis stage through covariate adjustment. This article makes a connection between covariate adjustment and stratified randomization in a general framework where all regular, asymptotically linear estimators are identified as augmented estimators. From a geometric perspective, covariate adjustment can be viewed as an attempt ","authors_text":"Zhiwei Zhang","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-01-21T00:21:25Z","title":"A Connection Between Covariate Adjustment and Stratified Randomization in Randomized Clinical Trials"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2401.11352","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:baf8bfd407794c023d6b85b0d5c42faeba71589b9818ddbe70aeb4f08881c540","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"eb88dc8571c4dd8c90570e1ebf6078764b3d187d5ade16271550ec177cdf927d","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-01-21T00:21:25Z","title_canon_sha256":"41ce9acbe8133f2f947f1e00a92d19d0396739e64de2bdd464a23c55fe8c0f4e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2401.11352","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"b8979cdb3fa5d04a0143081133eb75db05fab172353fa63b38a781c63b691894","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"b8979cdb3fa5d04a0143081133eb75db05fab172353fa63b38a781c63b691894","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13.742879Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13.742879Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"9a3V3mZF//XksjzcSAf/f+EaU3SKHidj7LFnVFxI6LEmMXw+3O+7IC9003ET052o2FiyThGQ9aMvWCB3Pz+FAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:08:13.743411Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2401.11352","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:baf8bfd407794c023d6b85b0d5c42faeba71589b9818ddbe70aeb4f08881c540","sha256:3e041dacb1bca02dc9b14ec1e5787ae849c2a846244e506772390134b79f9ede"],"state_sha256":"bea56e9fc1d9ec96b055bab2473ea2987325b517a19eafe026cdeee91a27ed8f"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"i7M2t3WbDUZeACY/IJsA7jBAfFhgeZVcIWSDhDCe+UqHAhlQfWQ7SuugFTPEQI+yW6BIhqRDC+hYa/C+o9+DDQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T06:54:14.536159Z","bundle_sha256":"a067c692c7f67b9a598e890e99bd010c85ff55e50a306ff60eeb1f4b2a71bfef"}}