{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:XCYILPD3OIOZDYD3EBAKVPJZG5","short_pith_number":"pith:XCYILPD3","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2505.15215","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T07:44:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"title_canon_sha256":"653ee826750d8587defc5d193bc476e86af5829c98645dafab3ad305b5fe62d6","abstract_canon_sha256":"cb06692a641eb8720cd960c494182dd41d199f39d350d89db446c580bb8fadb0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b8b085bc7b721d91e07b2040aabd39375b3f60eaeb865b92ef74220b2e969838","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2505.15215","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2505.15215","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2505.15215v3","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.15215","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XCYILPD3OIOZ","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XCYILPD3OIOZDYD3","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XCYILPD3","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:XCYILPD3OIOZDYD3EBAKVPJZG5","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2505.15215","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T07:44:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"title_canon_sha256":"653ee826750d8587defc5d193bc476e86af5829c98645dafab3ad305b5fe62d6","abstract_canon_sha256":"cb06692a641eb8720cd960c494182dd41d199f39d350d89db446c580bb8fadb0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b8b085bc7b721d91e07b2040aabd39375b3f60eaeb865b92ef74220b2e969838","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10.951850Z","signature_b64":"2TdadNFhJ53H1TDVNZeSWKVvDVZB8TdZJukWO4ZFJvo0auYfqJjMmVTwNuvctPak0DX+3jV8pZoeGvv3zVIaDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"b8b085bc7b721d91e07b2040aabd39375b3f60eaeb865b92ef74220b2e969838","last_reissued_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10.951509Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10.951509Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2505.15215","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ifUbwfDNew62CAXM8iuweiUeyaXjYL2jJyehEkdNcjinCex149j5jMe6OzVd8nyWvDhGVK4IIGJuYMuHxgTmCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-26T09:07:56.524172Z"},"content_sha256":"5ff2ee4cb9cbaf18ad5e71f3c888a779ceec5a22c96edbbbc4c0f490c5b6b36e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:5ff2ee4cb9cbaf18ad5e71f3c888a779ceec5a22c96edbbbc4c0f490c5b6b36e"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:XCYILPD3OIOZDYD3EBAKVPJZG5","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Clustering and Pruning in Causal Data Fusion","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"primary_cat":"stat.ML","authors_text":"Juha Karvanen, Otto Tabell, Santtu Tikka","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T07:44:39Z","abstract_excerpt":"Data fusion, the process of combining observational and experimental data, can enable the identification of causal effects that would otherwise remain non-identifiable. Although identification algorithms have been developed for specific scenarios, do-calculus remains the only general-purpose tool for causal data fusion, particularly when variables are present in some data sources but not others. However, approaches based on do-calculus may encounter computational challenges as the number of variables increases and the causal graph grows in complexity. Consequently, there exists a need to reduc"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2505.15215","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2505.15215/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"PTc48divcf0WR0xjgE/Jkn9/T1sBluJjD/PaPpopvd2DTA5XV3UjbBV+pChFLMlPHr4ybMVH36dHatpa2GQcAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-26T09:07:56.524595Z"},"content_sha256":"99bd439731a227edb58f330c166196280d3e7ecef073537cbd48f7ccb6e79825","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:99bd439731a227edb58f330c166196280d3e7ecef073537cbd48f7ccb6e79825"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XCYILPD3OIOZDYD3EBAKVPJZG5/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XCYILPD3OIOZDYD3EBAKVPJZG5/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XCYILPD3OIOZDYD3EBAKVPJZG5/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-26T09:07:56Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/XCYILPD3OIOZDYD3EBAKVPJZG5","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/XCYILPD3OIOZDYD3EBAKVPJZG5/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/XCYILPD3OIOZDYD3EBAKVPJZG5/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XCYILPD3OIOZDYD3EBAKVPJZG5/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:XCYILPD3OIOZDYD3EBAKVPJZG5","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cb06692a641eb8720cd960c494182dd41d199f39d350d89db446c580bb8fadb0","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T07:44:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"653ee826750d8587defc5d193bc476e86af5829c98645dafab3ad305b5fe62d6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2505.15215","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2505.15215","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2505.15215v3","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.15215","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XCYILPD3OIOZ","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XCYILPD3OIOZDYD3","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XCYILPD3","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:99bd439731a227edb58f330c166196280d3e7ecef073537cbd48f7ccb6e79825","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2505.15215/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Data fusion, the process of combining observational and experimental data, can enable the identification of causal effects that would otherwise remain non-identifiable. Although identification algorithms have been developed for specific scenarios, do-calculus remains the only general-purpose tool for causal data fusion, particularly when variables are present in some data sources but not others. However, approaches based on do-calculus may encounter computational challenges as the number of variables increases and the causal graph grows in complexity. Consequently, there exists a need to reduc","authors_text":"Juha Karvanen, Otto Tabell, Santtu Tikka","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T07:44:39Z","title":"Clustering and Pruning in Causal Data Fusion"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2505.15215","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:5ff2ee4cb9cbaf18ad5e71f3c888a779ceec5a22c96edbbbc4c0f490c5b6b36e","target":"record","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cb06692a641eb8720cd960c494182dd41d199f39d350d89db446c580bb8fadb0","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2025-05-21T07:44:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"653ee826750d8587defc5d193bc476e86af5829c98645dafab3ad305b5fe62d6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2505.15215","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"b8b085bc7b721d91e07b2040aabd39375b3f60eaeb865b92ef74220b2e969838","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"b8b085bc7b721d91e07b2040aabd39375b3f60eaeb865b92ef74220b2e969838","first_computed_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10.951509Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10.951509Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"2TdadNFhJ53H1TDVNZeSWKVvDVZB8TdZJukWO4ZFJvo0auYfqJjMmVTwNuvctPak0DX+3jV8pZoeGvv3zVIaDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-06-19T16:11:10.951850Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2505.15215","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:5ff2ee4cb9cbaf18ad5e71f3c888a779ceec5a22c96edbbbc4c0f490c5b6b36e","sha256:99bd439731a227edb58f330c166196280d3e7ecef073537cbd48f7ccb6e79825"],"state_sha256":"378a351b5a6cb812d84f5a078c0186bdb1298c5af3e4f98625d6bca4ca1c2822"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"33/51QyDH38WXl4qDF7X4m2aKABK47683lKg1n4Z3lYzXoWrzSYV0jEQuW7doxQ0/6qsApF/d/9ZnxMnFwvSBA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-26T09:07:56.526948Z","bundle_sha256":"7c46f23f05b5ab6099936281c3af5b88c367a34e379c7aa40dfea316c671454e"}}