{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:XFPQZYHZM5DHAGE4ERQ5P453OG","short_pith_number":"pith:XFPQZYHZ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1511.02823","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.data-an","submitted_at":"2015-11-09T20:10:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":["quant-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"d893b8426a6d9d729ca5fc909d44169d7b6761e1d909bd43c7bf851371f3cfcb","abstract_canon_sha256":"78d1e073c43e4a795e8293055cf8ae6c7a3d8cfb37e25239ca91558df84af80d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b95f0ce0f9674670189c2461d7f3bb718b461d210f019c2da158ff151818f879","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1511.02823","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1511.02823","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1511.02823v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1511.02823","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XFPQZYHZM5DH","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XFPQZYHZM5DHAGE4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XFPQZYHZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:50Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:XFPQZYHZM5DHAGE4ERQ5P453OG","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1511.02823","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.data-an","submitted_at":"2015-11-09T20:10:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":["quant-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"d893b8426a6d9d729ca5fc909d44169d7b6761e1d909bd43c7bf851371f3cfcb","abstract_canon_sha256":"78d1e073c43e4a795e8293055cf8ae6c7a3d8cfb37e25239ca91558df84af80d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b95f0ce0f9674670189c2461d7f3bb718b461d210f019c2da158ff151818f879","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29.254122Z","signature_b64":"SIzMhgjuK28RnK7CfX5KntBlEVeyIFCgrjpe79VsI3NkIa3DakTstBqWgoVSF3Vv8kl4giT8jI6FPOfxxnroAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"b95f0ce0f9674670189c2461d7f3bb718b461d210f019c2da158ff151818f879","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29.253289Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29.253289Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1511.02823","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"amN/x9b7+LsQzFPWhwa9M1yfcZ2BNLoNP4/2Cm3A1G/aP25CM1NH2NFS0PI8dhJUWipiyvpKpuR4XKEOTVupAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T00:31:31.828086Z"},"content_sha256":"aeeead0b69a55957b5200f137848514ce4849c7ff422ad79357d8fc7561d7481","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:aeeead0b69a55957b5200f137848514ce4849c7ff422ad79357d8fc7561d7481"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:XFPQZYHZM5DHAGE4ERQ5P453OG","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Negative Probabilities and Contextuality","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["quant-ph"],"primary_cat":"physics.data-an","authors_text":"Gary Oas, J. Acacio de Barros, Janne Kujala","submitted_at":"2015-11-09T20:10:18Z","abstract_excerpt":"There has been a growing interest, both in physics and psychology, in understanding contextuality in experimentally observed quantities. Different approaches have been proposed to deal with contextual systems, and a promising one is contextuality-by-default, put forth by Dzhafarov and Kujala. The goal of this paper is to present a tutorial on a different approach: negative probabilities. We do so by presenting the overall theory of negative probabilities in a way that is consistent with contextuality-by-default and by examining with this theory some simple examples where contextuality appears,"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1511.02823","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"qd0W2MMSzOrW82vnMBv/7a/ON5+x5QEjMLKbENzAO4vM/LKePPbr3YljhqxVeyAfS5sd2uwTQ5zqYoc6HqesCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T00:31:31.828763Z"},"content_sha256":"d88524737daa63b3c85201a694220092b642dcf78c361c70b0f32463450b52fb","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d88524737daa63b3c85201a694220092b642dcf78c361c70b0f32463450b52fb"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XFPQZYHZM5DHAGE4ERQ5P453OG/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XFPQZYHZM5DHAGE4ERQ5P453OG/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XFPQZYHZM5DHAGE4ERQ5P453OG/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-27T00:31:31Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/XFPQZYHZM5DHAGE4ERQ5P453OG","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/XFPQZYHZM5DHAGE4ERQ5P453OG/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/XFPQZYHZM5DHAGE4ERQ5P453OG/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XFPQZYHZM5DHAGE4ERQ5P453OG/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:XFPQZYHZM5DHAGE4ERQ5P453OG","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"78d1e073c43e4a795e8293055cf8ae6c7a3d8cfb37e25239ca91558df84af80d","cross_cats_sorted":["quant-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.data-an","submitted_at":"2015-11-09T20:10:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"d893b8426a6d9d729ca5fc909d44169d7b6761e1d909bd43c7bf851371f3cfcb"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1511.02823","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1511.02823","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1511.02823v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1511.02823","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XFPQZYHZM5DH","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XFPQZYHZM5DHAGE4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XFPQZYHZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:50Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d88524737daa63b3c85201a694220092b642dcf78c361c70b0f32463450b52fb","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"There has been a growing interest, both in physics and psychology, in understanding contextuality in experimentally observed quantities. Different approaches have been proposed to deal with contextual systems, and a promising one is contextuality-by-default, put forth by Dzhafarov and Kujala. The goal of this paper is to present a tutorial on a different approach: negative probabilities. We do so by presenting the overall theory of negative probabilities in a way that is consistent with contextuality-by-default and by examining with this theory some simple examples where contextuality appears,","authors_text":"Gary Oas, J. Acacio de Barros, Janne Kujala","cross_cats":["quant-ph"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.data-an","submitted_at":"2015-11-09T20:10:18Z","title":"Negative Probabilities and Contextuality"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1511.02823","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:aeeead0b69a55957b5200f137848514ce4849c7ff422ad79357d8fc7561d7481","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"78d1e073c43e4a795e8293055cf8ae6c7a3d8cfb37e25239ca91558df84af80d","cross_cats_sorted":["quant-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.data-an","submitted_at":"2015-11-09T20:10:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"d893b8426a6d9d729ca5fc909d44169d7b6761e1d909bd43c7bf851371f3cfcb"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1511.02823","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"b95f0ce0f9674670189c2461d7f3bb718b461d210f019c2da158ff151818f879","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"b95f0ce0f9674670189c2461d7f3bb718b461d210f019c2da158ff151818f879","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29.253289Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29.253289Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"SIzMhgjuK28RnK7CfX5KntBlEVeyIFCgrjpe79VsI3NkIa3DakTstBqWgoVSF3Vv8kl4giT8jI6FPOfxxnroAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:27:29.254122Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1511.02823","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:aeeead0b69a55957b5200f137848514ce4849c7ff422ad79357d8fc7561d7481","sha256:d88524737daa63b3c85201a694220092b642dcf78c361c70b0f32463450b52fb"],"state_sha256":"6bfa257bd9cb6f792ccad229c34887f6ddfe9f789321471f8a148e631af23459"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ByscsKu1cWyp7NTIx9/ZphKnEf5uBBGkbvpP6NJRFwldGy6wldnsa+R6F3FkUC7CN1MtOllxKRBgNKOd3pK1AA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T00:31:31.831982Z","bundle_sha256":"0d1dac3a6f7b07b576845916bfbf59d2bcd901568533ecdfb35352c7b381f6c0"}}