{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:XHC72WGIW3GWW64DKRHDIA6GYS","short_pith_number":"pith:XHC72WGI","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2212.13866","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2022-12-28T15:33:28Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"e5b495556300cfb4dd10017068a86dc34032353b5bd033a63d8e51c75501b7dd","abstract_canon_sha256":"4ebd4a1fec9f122a16630496e33844dc6a06f5da0d342c7cad1b213484ddf33c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b9c5fd58c8b6cd6b7b83544e3403c6c4a1008b1bb13e4d09906bb82d3986d3ef","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2212.13866","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2212.13866","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2212.13866v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2212.13866","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XHC72WGIW3GW","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XHC72WGIW3GWW64D","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XHC72WGI","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:XHC72WGIW3GWW64DKRHDIA6GYS","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2212.13866","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2022-12-28T15:33:28Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"e5b495556300cfb4dd10017068a86dc34032353b5bd033a63d8e51c75501b7dd","abstract_canon_sha256":"4ebd4a1fec9f122a16630496e33844dc6a06f5da0d342c7cad1b213484ddf33c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b9c5fd58c8b6cd6b7b83544e3403c6c4a1008b1bb13e4d09906bb82d3986d3ef","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55.804603Z","signature_b64":"9QuxKaVzu8htb2GVbhgA5lv7mcaNCIjBAtD0m/l9Hn8P5x0B3bXTAhBdRklB4ZnVzkj8uLacztoFLXZwWc7EDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"b9c5fd58c8b6cd6b7b83544e3403c6c4a1008b1bb13e4d09906bb82d3986d3ef","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55.804178Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55.804178Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2212.13866","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"OrR0OthmszCAFXYixo1sk83yukLS0qIACVn4Ct4HJI75e2wOxD7U3hEDHGzwAA6ZQpyxEUQd4Xs7MRgVMkehDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-27T03:16:49.801655Z"},"content_sha256":"57fe1b9d580d974ca9ad93923965ce80425e287a9600eb388f222e103a16a61a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:57fe1b9d580d974ca9ad93923965ce80425e287a9600eb388f222e103a16a61a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:XHC72WGIW3GWW64DKRHDIA6GYS","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Architecture Decisions in AI-based Systems Development: An Empirical Study","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.SE","authors_text":"Beiqi Zhang, Chong Wang, Jiaxin Yu, Mojtaba Shahin, Peng Liang, Tianyang Liu","submitted_at":"2022-12-28T15:33:28Z","abstract_excerpt":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies have been developed rapidly, and AI-based systems have been widely used in various application domains with opportunities and challenges. However, little is known about the architecture decisions made in AI-based systems development, which has a substantial impact on the success and sustainability of these systems. To this end, we conducted an empirical study by collecting and analyzing the data from Stack Overflow (SO) and GitHub. More specifically, we searched on SO with six sets of keywords and explored 32 AI-based projects on GitHub, and finally we"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2212.13866","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2212.13866/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"xpaaQTQvDn/RuYJpUN8qe3s6LLIIdfJWv/PooV8JzhJa7p+oGHj+nabe2R3GAmqy7S971dqttMYvoHuSxWLcDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-27T03:16:49.802025Z"},"content_sha256":"cc63f529507143cf967f758d86650ebdd95509f2ae04989f143e79431e6726f1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:cc63f529507143cf967f758d86650ebdd95509f2ae04989f143e79431e6726f1"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XHC72WGIW3GWW64DKRHDIA6GYS/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XHC72WGIW3GWW64DKRHDIA6GYS/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XHC72WGIW3GWW64DKRHDIA6GYS/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-27T03:16:49Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/XHC72WGIW3GWW64DKRHDIA6GYS","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/XHC72WGIW3GWW64DKRHDIA6GYS/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/XHC72WGIW3GWW64DKRHDIA6GYS/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XHC72WGIW3GWW64DKRHDIA6GYS/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:XHC72WGIW3GWW64DKRHDIA6GYS","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4ebd4a1fec9f122a16630496e33844dc6a06f5da0d342c7cad1b213484ddf33c","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2022-12-28T15:33:28Z","title_canon_sha256":"e5b495556300cfb4dd10017068a86dc34032353b5bd033a63d8e51c75501b7dd"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2212.13866","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2212.13866","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2212.13866v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2212.13866","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XHC72WGIW3GW","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XHC72WGIW3GWW64D","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XHC72WGI","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:cc63f529507143cf967f758d86650ebdd95509f2ae04989f143e79431e6726f1","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2212.13866/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies have been developed rapidly, and AI-based systems have been widely used in various application domains with opportunities and challenges. However, little is known about the architecture decisions made in AI-based systems development, which has a substantial impact on the success and sustainability of these systems. To this end, we conducted an empirical study by collecting and analyzing the data from Stack Overflow (SO) and GitHub. More specifically, we searched on SO with six sets of keywords and explored 32 AI-based projects on GitHub, and finally we","authors_text":"Beiqi Zhang, Chong Wang, Jiaxin Yu, Mojtaba Shahin, Peng Liang, Tianyang Liu","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2022-12-28T15:33:28Z","title":"Architecture Decisions in AI-based Systems Development: An Empirical Study"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2212.13866","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:57fe1b9d580d974ca9ad93923965ce80425e287a9600eb388f222e103a16a61a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4ebd4a1fec9f122a16630496e33844dc6a06f5da0d342c7cad1b213484ddf33c","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2022-12-28T15:33:28Z","title_canon_sha256":"e5b495556300cfb4dd10017068a86dc34032353b5bd033a63d8e51c75501b7dd"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2212.13866","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"b9c5fd58c8b6cd6b7b83544e3403c6c4a1008b1bb13e4d09906bb82d3986d3ef","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"b9c5fd58c8b6cd6b7b83544e3403c6c4a1008b1bb13e4d09906bb82d3986d3ef","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55.804178Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55.804178Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"9QuxKaVzu8htb2GVbhgA5lv7mcaNCIjBAtD0m/l9Hn8P5x0B3bXTAhBdRklB4ZnVzkj8uLacztoFLXZwWc7EDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:28:55.804603Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2212.13866","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:57fe1b9d580d974ca9ad93923965ce80425e287a9600eb388f222e103a16a61a","sha256:cc63f529507143cf967f758d86650ebdd95509f2ae04989f143e79431e6726f1"],"state_sha256":"5e6a6a72f38be16fc88155b7a4b6a061daedabe91b68cd0c127c0a660445c871"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9DSA3iq9BDUwQi+3AGCzWoxzM2HzGN7VKkyBIo5AYqIfN8w+W2+Su9mW0w4yCoCSs4AtKSdirWyeR6F7LL/EDQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-27T03:16:49.804128Z","bundle_sha256":"eee10177248e1d192333482ce08b1432cba6cb09044bccb0c30f2cbc916bc85b"}}