{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:XHJ4HIRAWIGZHYFQ7PLHJLKBSR","short_pith_number":"pith:XHJ4HIRA","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2306.03809","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2023-06-06T15:52:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"776aee9c31d1cfb0a1d68b23b1467b4112c5c5f3a607ffcf742cf18d5fcee441","abstract_canon_sha256":"1d1a523daedcd18362afbefe0544e31b12686631ace8815dd79afdd76c5f82ad"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b9d3c3a220b20d93e0b0fbd674ad419461b5d399cedb5a12768a164c5697a139","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2306.03809","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2306.03809","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2306.03809v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2306.03809","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XHJ4HIRAWIGZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XHJ4HIRAWIGZHYFQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XHJ4HIRA","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:XHJ4HIRAWIGZHYFQ7PLHJLKBSR","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2306.03809","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2023-06-06T15:52:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"776aee9c31d1cfb0a1d68b23b1467b4112c5c5f3a607ffcf742cf18d5fcee441","abstract_canon_sha256":"1d1a523daedcd18362afbefe0544e31b12686631ace8815dd79afdd76c5f82ad"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"b9d3c3a220b20d93e0b0fbd674ad419461b5d399cedb5a12768a164c5697a139","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02.459676Z","signature_b64":"dPmCNU4QnTm7ItwcvUg2ruYh3WAC3wIZeObkpQncuwvVQZtoYbgB6nR/tiqu/rPpM2RMa+XwU1slL/Krf9wiAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"b9d3c3a220b20d93e0b0fbd674ad419461b5d399cedb5a12768a164c5697a139","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02.459325Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02.459325Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2306.03809","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Q8e8Ku+LEucxwKt1a2j+020YQfOO0hhZXXBMhIxScRRE6qCFAMxNGM5Gwhxm9+jThBl88phxwxN9y3IHINlvCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-20T12:34:20.943782Z"},"content_sha256":"7b81d046d3f54662ca9f3615c3b4c95cc6a3c2c2bddf04823775bbdfbf041650","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7b81d046d3f54662ca9f3615c3b4c95cc6a3c2c2bddf04823775bbdfbf041650"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:XHJ4HIRAWIGZHYFQ7PLHJLKBSR","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Can large language models democratize access to dual-use biotechnology?","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CY","authors_text":"Emily H. Soice, Kevin M. Esvelt, Kimberlee Cordova, Michael Specter, Rafael Rocha","submitted_at":"2023-06-06T15:52:05Z","abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) such as those embedded in 'chatbots' are accelerating and democratizing research by providing comprehensible information and expertise from many different fields. However, these models may also confer easy access to dual-use technologies capable of inflicting great harm. To evaluate this risk, the 'Safeguarding the Future' course at MIT tasked non-scientist students with investigating whether LLM chatbots could be prompted to assist non-experts in causing a pandemic. In one hour, the chatbots suggested four potential pandemic pathogens, explained how they can be ge"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2306.03809","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2306.03809/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"gWpFn89ouXrYauMEaEoVth0Y6nN0G9JnGOb/r/Bmn7tYQJuse9qHJfloI8cnKwUwWG+794yc0mRKRJsFKRDBBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-20T12:34:20.944702Z"},"content_sha256":"499db0121f1e864bcef23f4808a9d06e2a85b8e208003261f910da671ee0b8ac","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:499db0121f1e864bcef23f4808a9d06e2a85b8e208003261f910da671ee0b8ac"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XHJ4HIRAWIGZHYFQ7PLHJLKBSR/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XHJ4HIRAWIGZHYFQ7PLHJLKBSR/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XHJ4HIRAWIGZHYFQ7PLHJLKBSR/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-20T12:34:20Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/XHJ4HIRAWIGZHYFQ7PLHJLKBSR","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/XHJ4HIRAWIGZHYFQ7PLHJLKBSR/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/XHJ4HIRAWIGZHYFQ7PLHJLKBSR/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XHJ4HIRAWIGZHYFQ7PLHJLKBSR/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:XHJ4HIRAWIGZHYFQ7PLHJLKBSR","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1d1a523daedcd18362afbefe0544e31b12686631ace8815dd79afdd76c5f82ad","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2023-06-06T15:52:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"776aee9c31d1cfb0a1d68b23b1467b4112c5c5f3a607ffcf742cf18d5fcee441"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2306.03809","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2306.03809","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2306.03809v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2306.03809","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XHJ4HIRAWIGZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XHJ4HIRAWIGZHYFQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XHJ4HIRA","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:499db0121f1e864bcef23f4808a9d06e2a85b8e208003261f910da671ee0b8ac","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2306.03809/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) such as those embedded in 'chatbots' are accelerating and democratizing research by providing comprehensible information and expertise from many different fields. However, these models may also confer easy access to dual-use technologies capable of inflicting great harm. To evaluate this risk, the 'Safeguarding the Future' course at MIT tasked non-scientist students with investigating whether LLM chatbots could be prompted to assist non-experts in causing a pandemic. In one hour, the chatbots suggested four potential pandemic pathogens, explained how they can be ge","authors_text":"Emily H. Soice, Kevin M. Esvelt, Kimberlee Cordova, Michael Specter, Rafael Rocha","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2023-06-06T15:52:05Z","title":"Can large language models democratize access to dual-use biotechnology?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2306.03809","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7b81d046d3f54662ca9f3615c3b4c95cc6a3c2c2bddf04823775bbdfbf041650","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1d1a523daedcd18362afbefe0544e31b12686631ace8815dd79afdd76c5f82ad","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2023-06-06T15:52:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"776aee9c31d1cfb0a1d68b23b1467b4112c5c5f3a607ffcf742cf18d5fcee441"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2306.03809","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"b9d3c3a220b20d93e0b0fbd674ad419461b5d399cedb5a12768a164c5697a139","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"b9d3c3a220b20d93e0b0fbd674ad419461b5d399cedb5a12768a164c5697a139","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02.459325Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02.459325Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"dPmCNU4QnTm7ItwcvUg2ruYh3WAC3wIZeObkpQncuwvVQZtoYbgB6nR/tiqu/rPpM2RMa+XwU1slL/Krf9wiAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:18:02.459676Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2306.03809","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7b81d046d3f54662ca9f3615c3b4c95cc6a3c2c2bddf04823775bbdfbf041650","sha256:499db0121f1e864bcef23f4808a9d06e2a85b8e208003261f910da671ee0b8ac"],"state_sha256":"dd7c1c5b726160ae6476c0642b4439f609cf47025eb6026bd6b69a15a8511762"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"AS2YzW7oeBvxHxqvDTe829om613cvIkFoEBfxwXv7p5MesdMnPWAM9m6lKrQhl3ss5jGYvRdpTLlOyHlDMwVCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-20T12:34:20.957265Z","bundle_sha256":"9cd103bf909f0a8c4808882ca1bbaaa3be53152a422d4ea5eda7dfd440a23181"}}