{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:XM2R56GVBLT4M4SXMP7IBLECJ5","short_pith_number":"pith:XM2R56GV","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2111.03536","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-11-05T14:57:49Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CV"],"title_canon_sha256":"f4bfaad93104583e1982444e95cc471a29af367010a6912c0f2820839f0135a6","abstract_canon_sha256":"d6a254a9d28e353150c0def628fd1c577e078ab42349fa05594057914f7127e3"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bb351ef8d50ae7c6725763fe80ac824f7196088fe16b1b7040f1f11c9f278329","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2111.03536","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2111.03536","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2111.03536v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2111.03536","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XM2R56GVBLT4","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XM2R56GVBLT4M4SX","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XM2R56GV","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:XM2R56GVBLT4M4SXMP7IBLECJ5","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2111.03536","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-11-05T14:57:49Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CV"],"title_canon_sha256":"f4bfaad93104583e1982444e95cc471a29af367010a6912c0f2820839f0135a6","abstract_canon_sha256":"d6a254a9d28e353150c0def628fd1c577e078ab42349fa05594057914f7127e3"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bb351ef8d50ae7c6725763fe80ac824f7196088fe16b1b7040f1f11c9f278329","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53.707675Z","signature_b64":"Rd8qTkqJHiYeGqrnzUn35p/4mYhVBRPBKCHJtnepxZvjBcMmL68vjTlIeFEQ3guRd+29INps4jS5i2gH3BtPAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"bb351ef8d50ae7c6725763fe80ac824f7196088fe16b1b7040f1f11c9f278329","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53.707216Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53.707216Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2111.03536","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Eb3qU7hMo4TcyYrvpnNUDvIps4pfB6xi0lp01i2yNksKoP3iok2tGLwO0rc8DH44rmiX+PvDL9cuNH4S9tGVAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T02:51:01.422434Z"},"content_sha256":"5f38c1082e1c600eeaf2c21d7c7d169d17f8f5b7c940b85f68bbb192aee9c74b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:5f38c1082e1c600eeaf2c21d7c7d169d17f8f5b7c940b85f68bbb192aee9c74b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:XM2R56GVBLT4M4SXMP7IBLECJ5","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A Unified Game-Theoretic Interpretation of Adversarial Robustness","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CV"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Die Zhang, Jie Ren, Jie Shi, Lu Chen, Meng Zhou, Quanshi Zhang, Xin Wang, Xu Cheng, Yisen Wang, Yiting Chen, Zhanpeng Zhou","submitted_at":"2021-11-05T14:57:49Z","abstract_excerpt":"This paper provides a unified view to explain different adversarial attacks and defense methods, \\emph{i.e.} the view of multi-order interactions between input variables of DNNs. Based on the multi-order interaction, we discover that adversarial attacks mainly affect high-order interactions to fool the DNN. Furthermore, we find that the robustness of adversarially trained DNNs comes from category-specific low-order interactions. Our findings provide a potential method to unify adversarial perturbations and robustness, which can explain the existing defense methods in a principle way. Besides, "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2111.03536","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2111.03536/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/w+s/hjViA12krQVITNoYhAZIkJjDs+1vA404HMerB5CkV6ttT3GrvL9WrU7eTYtZGswV0lRVxzNtnf7MJmjBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T02:51:01.422924Z"},"content_sha256":"b1cf2d39e5decaa04bc29bc7ce2a8481238ca46b7983f9500bd692c55236fc0d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b1cf2d39e5decaa04bc29bc7ce2a8481238ca46b7983f9500bd692c55236fc0d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XM2R56GVBLT4M4SXMP7IBLECJ5/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XM2R56GVBLT4M4SXMP7IBLECJ5/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XM2R56GVBLT4M4SXMP7IBLECJ5/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-08T02:51:01Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/XM2R56GVBLT4M4SXMP7IBLECJ5","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/XM2R56GVBLT4M4SXMP7IBLECJ5/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/XM2R56GVBLT4M4SXMP7IBLECJ5/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XM2R56GVBLT4M4SXMP7IBLECJ5/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:XM2R56GVBLT4M4SXMP7IBLECJ5","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d6a254a9d28e353150c0def628fd1c577e078ab42349fa05594057914f7127e3","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CV"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-11-05T14:57:49Z","title_canon_sha256":"f4bfaad93104583e1982444e95cc471a29af367010a6912c0f2820839f0135a6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2111.03536","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2111.03536","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2111.03536v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2111.03536","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XM2R56GVBLT4","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XM2R56GVBLT4M4SX","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XM2R56GV","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:b1cf2d39e5decaa04bc29bc7ce2a8481238ca46b7983f9500bd692c55236fc0d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2111.03536/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"This paper provides a unified view to explain different adversarial attacks and defense methods, \\emph{i.e.} the view of multi-order interactions between input variables of DNNs. Based on the multi-order interaction, we discover that adversarial attacks mainly affect high-order interactions to fool the DNN. Furthermore, we find that the robustness of adversarially trained DNNs comes from category-specific low-order interactions. Our findings provide a potential method to unify adversarial perturbations and robustness, which can explain the existing defense methods in a principle way. Besides, ","authors_text":"Die Zhang, Jie Ren, Jie Shi, Lu Chen, Meng Zhou, Quanshi Zhang, Xin Wang, Xu Cheng, Yisen Wang, Yiting Chen, Zhanpeng Zhou","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CV"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-11-05T14:57:49Z","title":"A Unified Game-Theoretic Interpretation of Adversarial Robustness"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2111.03536","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:5f38c1082e1c600eeaf2c21d7c7d169d17f8f5b7c940b85f68bbb192aee9c74b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d6a254a9d28e353150c0def628fd1c577e078ab42349fa05594057914f7127e3","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CV"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-11-05T14:57:49Z","title_canon_sha256":"f4bfaad93104583e1982444e95cc471a29af367010a6912c0f2820839f0135a6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2111.03536","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"bb351ef8d50ae7c6725763fe80ac824f7196088fe16b1b7040f1f11c9f278329","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"bb351ef8d50ae7c6725763fe80ac824f7196088fe16b1b7040f1f11c9f278329","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53.707216Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53.707216Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Rd8qTkqJHiYeGqrnzUn35p/4mYhVBRPBKCHJtnepxZvjBcMmL68vjTlIeFEQ3guRd+29INps4jS5i2gH3BtPAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:29:53.707675Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2111.03536","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:5f38c1082e1c600eeaf2c21d7c7d169d17f8f5b7c940b85f68bbb192aee9c74b","sha256:b1cf2d39e5decaa04bc29bc7ce2a8481238ca46b7983f9500bd692c55236fc0d"],"state_sha256":"3e2220d45e1336cf8ad5eae7d65675edbc9b420e94280127123eef8e246c7577"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"6s9NN5Nau/8mRYGz2HBgggxJhp3pc326VWU/hWDz7nemPscxkWSwF5o5jaxQcE22Xdl2Ygy7kKK7PKxV6DxWBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T02:51:01.426242Z","bundle_sha256":"d8136e419b1cd6d7fa7f23c0e0845a249d47a9356d4abcd9477e941f7d583170"}}