{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:XMPWF3L74TFYYQ33VPT2C2JQJ5","short_pith_number":"pith:XMPWF3L7","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1907.09177","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-07-22T08:22:08Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR","cs.IR","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"2f2044f908a19a4087130790022eda8e755d1a9b912aeeb45be8dd86c5da104a","abstract_canon_sha256":"ea9ddc29242bdd6ad611c83efde4da18f903c3c49085851315c46c47f7e51f80"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bb1f62ed7fe4cb8c437babe7a169304f433db9edc8f56161540d564e964ac620","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1907.09177","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1907.09177","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1907.09177v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1907.09177","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XMPWF3L74TFY","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XMPWF3L74TFYYQ33","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XMPWF3L7","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:XMPWF3L74TFYYQ33VPT2C2JQJ5","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1907.09177","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-07-22T08:22:08Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR","cs.IR","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"2f2044f908a19a4087130790022eda8e755d1a9b912aeeb45be8dd86c5da104a","abstract_canon_sha256":"ea9ddc29242bdd6ad611c83efde4da18f903c3c49085851315c46c47f7e51f80"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bb1f62ed7fe4cb8c437babe7a169304f433db9edc8f56161540d564e964ac620","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23.247402Z","signature_b64":"sTtfGNtFrvkBqEXmLx0m+N6ztlHfuY+zO2zYvikrSywpx76Mq7H/p0rKpAovh0kqgO5R5aOdcVeAKgBxcTqaAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"bb1f62ed7fe4cb8c437babe7a169304f433db9edc8f56161540d564e964ac620","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23.246907Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23.246907Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1907.09177","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"kqzYrXWF4u9jeVtk2ZaZoLIqTh12PMyXEqoJ3z5VrqnHILseqT42qQ+03j9hmiR3nXDPxXsfEX0O9uZ+ZsO9DQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T00:44:50.332508Z"},"content_sha256":"b6654ff6f9285af043d49cc82677b0b27993ab91e473b88a41e79a9dd3b3b4b3","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b6654ff6f9285af043d49cc82677b0b27993ab91e473b88a41e79a9dd3b3b4b3"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:XMPWF3L74TFYYQ33VPT2C2JQJ5","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Generating Sentiment-Preserving Fake Online Reviews Using Neural Language Models and Their Human- and Machine-based Detection","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CR","cs.IR","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"David Ifeoluwa Adelani, Fuming Fang, Haotian Mai, Huy H. Nguyen, Isao Echizen, Junichi Yamagishi","submitted_at":"2019-07-22T08:22:08Z","abstract_excerpt":"Advanced neural language models (NLMs) are widely used in sequence generation tasks because they are able to produce fluent and meaningful sentences. They can also be used to generate fake reviews, which can then be used to attack online review systems and influence the buying decisions of online shoppers. To perform such attacks, it is necessary for experts to train a tailored LM for a specific topic. In this work, we show that a low-skilled threat model can be built just by combining publicly available LMs and show that the produced fake reviews can fool both humans and machines. In particul"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1907.09177","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1907.09177/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hRey11Qgw+SRh87onzPdFaakbgKSvVEEbpIl+ue7fDJlcVi1f69GKImui11MXCYvzOXht2mxzk64ahqyRrnIAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T00:44:50.333030Z"},"content_sha256":"96bd06c42cc2706a4679879db6f2f4daefb04d09043debc8ace5b5ef4f46d4ec","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:96bd06c42cc2706a4679879db6f2f4daefb04d09043debc8ace5b5ef4f46d4ec"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XMPWF3L74TFYYQ33VPT2C2JQJ5/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XMPWF3L74TFYYQ33VPT2C2JQJ5/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XMPWF3L74TFYYQ33VPT2C2JQJ5/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-06T00:44:50Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/XMPWF3L74TFYYQ33VPT2C2JQJ5","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/XMPWF3L74TFYYQ33VPT2C2JQJ5/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/XMPWF3L74TFYYQ33VPT2C2JQJ5/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XMPWF3L74TFYYQ33VPT2C2JQJ5/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:XMPWF3L74TFYYQ33VPT2C2JQJ5","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ea9ddc29242bdd6ad611c83efde4da18f903c3c49085851315c46c47f7e51f80","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR","cs.IR","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-07-22T08:22:08Z","title_canon_sha256":"2f2044f908a19a4087130790022eda8e755d1a9b912aeeb45be8dd86c5da104a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1907.09177","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1907.09177","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1907.09177v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1907.09177","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XMPWF3L74TFY","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XMPWF3L74TFYYQ33","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XMPWF3L7","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:96bd06c42cc2706a4679879db6f2f4daefb04d09043debc8ace5b5ef4f46d4ec","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1907.09177/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Advanced neural language models (NLMs) are widely used in sequence generation tasks because they are able to produce fluent and meaningful sentences. They can also be used to generate fake reviews, which can then be used to attack online review systems and influence the buying decisions of online shoppers. To perform such attacks, it is necessary for experts to train a tailored LM for a specific topic. In this work, we show that a low-skilled threat model can be built just by combining publicly available LMs and show that the produced fake reviews can fool both humans and machines. In particul","authors_text":"David Ifeoluwa Adelani, Fuming Fang, Haotian Mai, Huy H. Nguyen, Isao Echizen, Junichi Yamagishi","cross_cats":["cs.CR","cs.IR","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-07-22T08:22:08Z","title":"Generating Sentiment-Preserving Fake Online Reviews Using Neural Language Models and Their Human- and Machine-based Detection"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1907.09177","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:b6654ff6f9285af043d49cc82677b0b27993ab91e473b88a41e79a9dd3b3b4b3","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ea9ddc29242bdd6ad611c83efde4da18f903c3c49085851315c46c47f7e51f80","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR","cs.IR","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-07-22T08:22:08Z","title_canon_sha256":"2f2044f908a19a4087130790022eda8e755d1a9b912aeeb45be8dd86c5da104a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1907.09177","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"bb1f62ed7fe4cb8c437babe7a169304f433db9edc8f56161540d564e964ac620","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"bb1f62ed7fe4cb8c437babe7a169304f433db9edc8f56161540d564e964ac620","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23.246907Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23.246907Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"sTtfGNtFrvkBqEXmLx0m+N6ztlHfuY+zO2zYvikrSywpx76Mq7H/p0rKpAovh0kqgO5R5aOdcVeAKgBxcTqaAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:23:23.247402Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1907.09177","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:b6654ff6f9285af043d49cc82677b0b27993ab91e473b88a41e79a9dd3b3b4b3","sha256:96bd06c42cc2706a4679879db6f2f4daefb04d09043debc8ace5b5ef4f46d4ec"],"state_sha256":"51ff7552158f7f1277a9016fa4251772694876ec1bd1fa8485a0876364eedf5d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"8nOlNBW3jippGKhyHu8Y7SJb/gE7Je1v4kGObtw26gwurITgCDRu1Gr1apcOr28SjIWyVa5WjTdpYgZ6tqnKDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T00:44:50.338481Z","bundle_sha256":"c313432f2d072d6220f22014d958efb2116136cb7345f4a54a34362101ef7c7c"}}