{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:XP5GU4YCNUBXP6XB72FLD5HLSM","short_pith_number":"pith:XP5GU4YC","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2406.12043","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2024-06-17T19:29:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"78642d02f6a74a3dfaf5bc804d8c5cdee12c67b71ad3abf444821d9203a6acbb","abstract_canon_sha256":"c41203540c4936edcf543f51d7ab37f09c7d75facc8c75a4559da28f77120d1c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bbfa6a73026d0377fae1fe8ab1f4eb930643649a4c256745e06f8a3e0c5b82ef","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2406.12043","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2406.12043","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2406.12043v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2406.12043","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XP5GU4YCNUBX","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XP5GU4YCNUBXP6XB","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XP5GU4YC","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:XP5GU4YCNUBXP6XB72FLD5HLSM","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2406.12043","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2024-06-17T19:29:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"78642d02f6a74a3dfaf5bc804d8c5cdee12c67b71ad3abf444821d9203a6acbb","abstract_canon_sha256":"c41203540c4936edcf543f51d7ab37f09c7d75facc8c75a4559da28f77120d1c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bbfa6a73026d0377fae1fe8ab1f4eb930643649a4c256745e06f8a3e0c5b82ef","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04.121108Z","signature_b64":"OGTYdJleVd1LsHYjgDO7nHinEzn3fEJCoOjG21EVmBUJbzYse/QyuuDKHadZseH524mFbw1fh4wJLx5Bt7fMDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"bbfa6a73026d0377fae1fe8ab1f4eb930643649a4c256745e06f8a3e0c5b82ef","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04.120710Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04.120710Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2406.12043","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"raKr/WZvYgMF+JwLgdx78IDFMWnfsRYZheORJpOm9K6ioCEWjrBCEuvGIAKVuhcC6hegLou7A2j7oeRG588LBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T08:46:17.806896Z"},"content_sha256":"c031b245c95c21501e121c50740f07840dd4943d7996a76debdba0cc44cc4cf3","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c031b245c95c21501e121c50740f07840dd4943d7996a76debdba0cc44cc4cf3"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:XP5GU4YCNUBXP6XB72FLD5HLSM","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Grade Score: Quantifying LLM Performance in Option Selection","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.AI","authors_text":"Dmitri Iourovitski","submitted_at":"2024-06-17T19:29:39Z","abstract_excerpt":"This study introduces the \"Grade Score\", a novel metric designed to evaluate the consistency and fairness of Large Language Models (LLMs) when used as multiple-choice judges with respect to order bias and choice consistency. The Grade Score combines Entropy, which measures order bias, and Mode Frequency, which assesses choice stability, offering insights into LLMs' reliability and impartiality. The study explores techniques such as prompt engineering and option sampling strategies to optimize the Grade Score, demonstrating their effectiveness in enhancing LLMs' performance. Results showcase va"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2406.12043","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2406.12043/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"3z5hL/gl+QbuFC+epQispPpmuJKVeHTiyflFlUrMdgZYcU8nJCq0+g1huPb8NI7FL+pelt10Oqr5FKUsrb+6Bw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T08:46:17.807386Z"},"content_sha256":"343229584bb87f7994a3cc479d4b8a7d6e9f8c7e4082df85d590b0220bbebb31","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:343229584bb87f7994a3cc479d4b8a7d6e9f8c7e4082df85d590b0220bbebb31"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XP5GU4YCNUBXP6XB72FLD5HLSM/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XP5GU4YCNUBXP6XB72FLD5HLSM/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XP5GU4YCNUBXP6XB72FLD5HLSM/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-12T08:46:17Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/XP5GU4YCNUBXP6XB72FLD5HLSM","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/XP5GU4YCNUBXP6XB72FLD5HLSM/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/XP5GU4YCNUBXP6XB72FLD5HLSM/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XP5GU4YCNUBXP6XB72FLD5HLSM/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:XP5GU4YCNUBXP6XB72FLD5HLSM","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c41203540c4936edcf543f51d7ab37f09c7d75facc8c75a4559da28f77120d1c","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2024-06-17T19:29:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"78642d02f6a74a3dfaf5bc804d8c5cdee12c67b71ad3abf444821d9203a6acbb"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2406.12043","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2406.12043","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2406.12043v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2406.12043","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XP5GU4YCNUBX","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XP5GU4YCNUBXP6XB","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XP5GU4YC","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:343229584bb87f7994a3cc479d4b8a7d6e9f8c7e4082df85d590b0220bbebb31","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2406.12043/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"This study introduces the \"Grade Score\", a novel metric designed to evaluate the consistency and fairness of Large Language Models (LLMs) when used as multiple-choice judges with respect to order bias and choice consistency. The Grade Score combines Entropy, which measures order bias, and Mode Frequency, which assesses choice stability, offering insights into LLMs' reliability and impartiality. The study explores techniques such as prompt engineering and option sampling strategies to optimize the Grade Score, demonstrating their effectiveness in enhancing LLMs' performance. Results showcase va","authors_text":"Dmitri Iourovitski","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2024-06-17T19:29:39Z","title":"Grade Score: Quantifying LLM Performance in Option Selection"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2406.12043","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:c031b245c95c21501e121c50740f07840dd4943d7996a76debdba0cc44cc4cf3","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c41203540c4936edcf543f51d7ab37f09c7d75facc8c75a4559da28f77120d1c","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2024-06-17T19:29:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"78642d02f6a74a3dfaf5bc804d8c5cdee12c67b71ad3abf444821d9203a6acbb"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2406.12043","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"bbfa6a73026d0377fae1fe8ab1f4eb930643649a4c256745e06f8a3e0c5b82ef","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"bbfa6a73026d0377fae1fe8ab1f4eb930643649a4c256745e06f8a3e0c5b82ef","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04.120710Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04.120710Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"OGTYdJleVd1LsHYjgDO7nHinEzn3fEJCoOjG21EVmBUJbzYse/QyuuDKHadZseH524mFbw1fh4wJLx5Bt7fMDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:35:04.121108Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2406.12043","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:c031b245c95c21501e121c50740f07840dd4943d7996a76debdba0cc44cc4cf3","sha256:343229584bb87f7994a3cc479d4b8a7d6e9f8c7e4082df85d590b0220bbebb31"],"state_sha256":"e680ba78670a7ad37e8c4a07e052d785e2e8f236e08fa5ff699117825d1270d7"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"F/pFXTxq6L0b4DcsKw/pz7yFofg63saBYr8aUianVE+1fUdXA4NdYlNYuNql/gnFpebjH2Rjzw7x20USwPFqDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T08:46:17.811240Z","bundle_sha256":"1866f4b51e9ed9f44d6bf2fcff940b8f3d758a85b755517c30b9055c589dd30c"}}