{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:XPKBAO4OQI3ITAU3JBS246Q7CG","short_pith_number":"pith:XPKBAO4O","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1410.2890","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2014-10-10T10:52:22Z","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.GN"],"title_canon_sha256":"8f205645943025d047a52e519b19c050d3684563b43b89a228a315168fc93026","abstract_canon_sha256":"fd5fc17ad85b08683020fc180f1fa43c97faa8f531f69701d1ecd7dc947c2271"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bbd4103b8e823689829b4865ae7a1f11aef8caf1b300b4bcf3fc651979483d77","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1410.2890","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1410.2890","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:38:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1410.2890v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:38:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1410.2890","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:38:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XPKBAO4OQI3I","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XPKBAO4OQI3ITAU3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XPKBAO4O","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:57Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:XPKBAO4OQI3ITAU3JBS246Q7CG","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1410.2890","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2014-10-10T10:52:22Z","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.GN"],"title_canon_sha256":"8f205645943025d047a52e519b19c050d3684563b43b89a228a315168fc93026","abstract_canon_sha256":"fd5fc17ad85b08683020fc180f1fa43c97faa8f531f69701d1ecd7dc947c2271"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bbd4103b8e823689829b4865ae7a1f11aef8caf1b300b4bcf3fc651979483d77","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:38:26.136245Z","signature_b64":"co04EUehVYNIlkr0Atw90u7FbbgYhO8pi5Sj+YbKzlgd6JJLJ+JbgT9Blon6GzVy+325geyqj7OFAVZE/lgKBQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"bbd4103b8e823689829b4865ae7a1f11aef8caf1b300b4bcf3fc651979483d77","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:38:26.135762Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:38:26.135762Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1410.2890","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:38:26Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hRrgErpscXyGHJb4mVwzTncKMHlHSRknQDzefJy9pqZ5Kpi7iKm7nvjaMyh9DGXHR1fQHElV7r2ZvHRTEIqRAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-25T18:32:17.931402Z"},"content_sha256":"39b83769f1d81580d8a98d14636db1405bc99b5a78c69b160b62022895a54a32","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:39b83769f1d81580d8a98d14636db1405bc99b5a78c69b160b62022895a54a32"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:XPKBAO4OQI3ITAU3JBS246Q7CG","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Benford's law predicted digit distribution of aggregated income taxes: the surprising conformity of Italian cities and regions","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["q-fin.GN"],"primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","authors_text":"Marcel Ausloos, Roy Cerqueti, Tariq Ahmad Mir","submitted_at":"2014-10-10T10:52:22Z","abstract_excerpt":"The yearly aggregated tax income data of all, more than 8000, Italian municipalities are analyzed for a period of five years, from 2007 to 2011, to search for conformity or not with Benford's law, a counter-intuitive phenomenon observed in large tabulated data where the occurrence of numbers having smaller initial digits is more favored than those with larger digits. This is done in anticipation that large deviations from Benford's law will be found in view of tax evasion supposedly being widespread across Italy. Contrary to expectations, we show that the overall tax income data for all these "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1410.2890","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:38:26Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"+0ESb5+vBDc+VMKwjdB7wxXCVg1MqnAA6kZ+IdDYm4+d2uKl4IcYxVjtyBg+d3alR5cra5KIC8ymTXXrsXqSDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-25T18:32:17.931760Z"},"content_sha256":"77b7c43f339534ae3f0647c4062985415e558a3a794574ff13a18411883c5f59","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:77b7c43f339534ae3f0647c4062985415e558a3a794574ff13a18411883c5f59"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XPKBAO4OQI3ITAU3JBS246Q7CG/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XPKBAO4OQI3ITAU3JBS246Q7CG/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XPKBAO4OQI3ITAU3JBS246Q7CG/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-25T18:32:17Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/XPKBAO4OQI3ITAU3JBS246Q7CG","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/XPKBAO4OQI3ITAU3JBS246Q7CG/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/XPKBAO4OQI3ITAU3JBS246Q7CG/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XPKBAO4OQI3ITAU3JBS246Q7CG/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:XPKBAO4OQI3ITAU3JBS246Q7CG","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"fd5fc17ad85b08683020fc180f1fa43c97faa8f531f69701d1ecd7dc947c2271","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.GN"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2014-10-10T10:52:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"8f205645943025d047a52e519b19c050d3684563b43b89a228a315168fc93026"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1410.2890","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1410.2890","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:38:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1410.2890v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:38:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1410.2890","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:38:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XPKBAO4OQI3I","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XPKBAO4OQI3ITAU3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XPKBAO4O","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:57Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:77b7c43f339534ae3f0647c4062985415e558a3a794574ff13a18411883c5f59","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:38:26Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The yearly aggregated tax income data of all, more than 8000, Italian municipalities are analyzed for a period of five years, from 2007 to 2011, to search for conformity or not with Benford's law, a counter-intuitive phenomenon observed in large tabulated data where the occurrence of numbers having smaller initial digits is more favored than those with larger digits. This is done in anticipation that large deviations from Benford's law will be found in view of tax evasion supposedly being widespread across Italy. Contrary to expectations, we show that the overall tax income data for all these ","authors_text":"Marcel Ausloos, Roy Cerqueti, Tariq Ahmad Mir","cross_cats":["q-fin.GN"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2014-10-10T10:52:22Z","title":"Benford's law predicted digit distribution of aggregated income taxes: the surprising conformity of Italian cities and regions"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1410.2890","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:39b83769f1d81580d8a98d14636db1405bc99b5a78c69b160b62022895a54a32","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:38:26Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"fd5fc17ad85b08683020fc180f1fa43c97faa8f531f69701d1ecd7dc947c2271","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.GN"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2014-10-10T10:52:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"8f205645943025d047a52e519b19c050d3684563b43b89a228a315168fc93026"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1410.2890","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"bbd4103b8e823689829b4865ae7a1f11aef8caf1b300b4bcf3fc651979483d77","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"bbd4103b8e823689829b4865ae7a1f11aef8caf1b300b4bcf3fc651979483d77","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:38:26.135762Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:38:26.135762Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"co04EUehVYNIlkr0Atw90u7FbbgYhO8pi5Sj+YbKzlgd6JJLJ+JbgT9Blon6GzVy+325geyqj7OFAVZE/lgKBQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:38:26.136245Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1410.2890","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:39b83769f1d81580d8a98d14636db1405bc99b5a78c69b160b62022895a54a32","sha256:77b7c43f339534ae3f0647c4062985415e558a3a794574ff13a18411883c5f59"],"state_sha256":"3b683c8cf7f843cee2b2228f6c52a6cd175287199cdda012c1617a7f303e26b4"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"6LE+C7QUB8V9Idpnz2HFPY2ktY2YiCBqjU0pQbkBPWDN4Krev2thSRCgZbNVLer0W/2MpAZAgVu0eBuiQQbSDQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-25T18:32:17.933713Z","bundle_sha256":"dc123de4d28f9d4aee992675838f00c32cd4c96c4d2fc987557bf14e854fe055"}}