{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2017:XSC3LDWRQDW6TTILXR7UURWJDY","short_pith_number":"pith:XSC3LDWR","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"bc85b58ed180ede9cd0bbc7f4a46c91e363aa3fdcbbaed5180db0a26a4c0e88d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1702.04229","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Interface band gap narrowing behind open circuit voltage losses in Cu$_2$ZnSnS$_4$ solar cells","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","authors_text":"Andrea Crovetto, Kurt Stokbro, Mads Brandbyge, Mattias Palsgaard, Ole Hansen, Troels Markussen, Tue Gunst","submitted_at":"2017-02-14T14:19:50Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present evidence that band gap narrowing at the heterointerface may be a major cause of the large open circuit voltage deficit of Cu$_2$ZnSnS$_4$/CdS solar cells. Band gap narrowing is caused by surface states that extend the Cu$_2$ZnSnS$_4$ valence band into the forbidden gap. Those surface states are consistently found in Cu$_2$ZnSnS$_4$, but not in Cu$_2$ZnSnSe$_4$, by first-principles calculations. They do not simply arise from defects at surfaces but are an intrinsic feature of Cu$_2$ZnSnS$_4$ surfaces. By including those states in a device model, the outcome of previously published te"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1702.04229","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","submitted_at":"2017-02-14T14:19:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"af3ecb7c20638d093d38b4bd7f59ea4d64d45daaf09a865664f2121520cfd146","abstract_canon_sha256":"769b9e74d1e28d9186208a18278ea5ea38cbd6d0eab8377dc3d4f792cd99f370"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:03.373406Z","signature_b64":"aL9TQUpeNpv6Io/OLt1grQ8tDEjuWkyHH2POmpS7nNyrnSZAw3PhZVNas29MYUEsMhMGfjasnm73xLmBcjaUAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"bc85b58ed180ede9cd0bbc7f4a46c91e363aa3fdcbbaed5180db0a26a4c0e88d","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:03.373013Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:03.373013Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Interface band gap narrowing behind open circuit voltage losses in Cu$_2$ZnSnS$_4$ solar cells","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","authors_text":"Andrea Crovetto, Kurt Stokbro, Mads Brandbyge, Mattias Palsgaard, Ole Hansen, Troels Markussen, Tue Gunst","submitted_at":"2017-02-14T14:19:50Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present evidence that band gap narrowing at the heterointerface may be a major cause of the large open circuit voltage deficit of Cu$_2$ZnSnS$_4$/CdS solar cells. Band gap narrowing is caused by surface states that extend the Cu$_2$ZnSnS$_4$ valence band into the forbidden gap. Those surface states are consistently found in Cu$_2$ZnSnS$_4$, but not in Cu$_2$ZnSnSe$_4$, by first-principles calculations. They do not simply arise from defects at surfaces but are an intrinsic feature of Cu$_2$ZnSnS$_4$ surfaces. By including those states in a device model, the outcome of previously published te"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1702.04229","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1702.04229","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:03.373070+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1702.04229v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:03.373070+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1702.04229","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:03.373070+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XSC3LDWRQDW6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:56.362134+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XSC3LDWRQDW6TTIL","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:56.362134+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XSC3LDWR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:56.362134+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/XSC3LDWRQDW6TTILXR7UURWJDY","json":"https://pith.science/pith/XSC3LDWRQDW6TTILXR7UURWJDY.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/XSC3LDWRQDW6TTILXR7UURWJDY/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/XSC3LDWRQDW6TTILXR7UURWJDY/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/XSC3LDWR"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/XSC3LDWRQDW6TTILXR7UURWJDY","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/XSC3LDWRQDW6TTILXR7UURWJDY.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/XSC3LDWR","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=1702.04229&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/XSC3LDWRQDW6TTILXR7UURWJDY/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/XSC3LDWRQDW6TTILXR7UURWJDY/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/XSC3LDWRQDW6TTILXR7UURWJDY/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/XSC3LDWRQDW6TTILXR7UURWJDY/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/XSC3LDWRQDW6TTILXR7UURWJDY/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/XSC3LDWRQDW6TTILXR7UURWJDY/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/XSC3LDWRQDW6TTILXR7UURWJDY/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:03.373070+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:03.373070+00:00"}