{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2011:XSGB3MF2GORQSDET4RV54YN6T7","short_pith_number":"pith:XSGB3MF2","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1108.5282","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.IM","submitted_at":"2011-08-26T11:02:49Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.data-an"],"title_canon_sha256":"5768f17df3755234207907f0932b7e6b7c1979dcd85696313fe049e39d9e43c2","abstract_canon_sha256":"cb8c764713e6ab800b5a9c415fbfef1b491d55e75a15734fefc6ada66445d662"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bc8c1db0ba33a3090c93e46bde61be9fd28ee77d13997fda8c773ce61e11857a","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1108.5282","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1108.5282","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:14:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1108.5282v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:14:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1108.5282","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:14:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XSGB3MF2GORQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XSGB3MF2GORQSDET","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XSGB3MF2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:47Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2011:XSGB3MF2GORQSDET4RV54YN6T7","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1108.5282","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.IM","submitted_at":"2011-08-26T11:02:49Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.data-an"],"title_canon_sha256":"5768f17df3755234207907f0932b7e6b7c1979dcd85696313fe049e39d9e43c2","abstract_canon_sha256":"cb8c764713e6ab800b5a9c415fbfef1b491d55e75a15734fefc6ada66445d662"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bc8c1db0ba33a3090c93e46bde61be9fd28ee77d13997fda8c773ce61e11857a","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T04:14:38.598887Z","signature_b64":"nUs++Pa0ZN9DhXw/apGcP6I44sotxnjjA7Ca8Pplk2pHms/mt4f2gbZf74vbcvs54jkx6fWko7+m03oBL5LLCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"bc8c1db0ba33a3090c93e46bde61be9fd28ee77d13997fda8c773ce61e11857a","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T04:14:38.598391Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T04:14:38.598391Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1108.5282","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T04:14:38Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"aMtNvkBNnfGLhOJbNkUZUd6X0CJIiYH14x4Y4KI7APek+wS+Wp1YbFq9QSQS1iZ5YSyPpvCmzLpdPmBp+RK7DQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T22:43:32.125246Z"},"content_sha256":"e7a42f376dd2a71645b2086f8702a955f99d922849db3bebb7122d2b2859d487","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e7a42f376dd2a71645b2086f8702a955f99d922849db3bebb7122d2b2859d487"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2011:XSGB3MF2GORQSDET4RV54YN6T7","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Rating Growth of Scientific Knowledge and Risk from Theory Bubbles","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["physics.data-an"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.IM","authors_text":"Abraham Loeb (Harvard)","submitted_at":"2011-08-26T11:02:49Z","abstract_excerpt":"In physics the value of a theory is measured by its agreement with experimental data. But how should the physics community gauge the value of an emerging theory that has not been tested experimentally as of yet? With no reality check, a hypothesis like string theory may linger for a while before physicists will know its actual value in describing nature. In this short article, I advocate the need for a website operated by graduate students that will use various measures of publicly available data (such as the growth rate of newly funded experiments, research grants, publications, and faculty j"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1108.5282","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T04:14:38Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"qQ4KL4CnDbwo9ZLARF8rmJi2pwItEtp2kJwqKHKjjWpxzBSe3ECFak0x5MVxoRsFwLrjv9WoOl+kNoXX5Z+pDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T22:43:32.125610Z"},"content_sha256":"31ce00743277b1272e9bad98330628b7de749ed73fcbc7da3717771051e93c35","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:31ce00743277b1272e9bad98330628b7de749ed73fcbc7da3717771051e93c35"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XSGB3MF2GORQSDET4RV54YN6T7/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XSGB3MF2GORQSDET4RV54YN6T7/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XSGB3MF2GORQSDET4RV54YN6T7/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-02T22:43:32Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/XSGB3MF2GORQSDET4RV54YN6T7","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/XSGB3MF2GORQSDET4RV54YN6T7/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/XSGB3MF2GORQSDET4RV54YN6T7/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XSGB3MF2GORQSDET4RV54YN6T7/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2011:XSGB3MF2GORQSDET4RV54YN6T7","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cb8c764713e6ab800b5a9c415fbfef1b491d55e75a15734fefc6ada66445d662","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.data-an"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.IM","submitted_at":"2011-08-26T11:02:49Z","title_canon_sha256":"5768f17df3755234207907f0932b7e6b7c1979dcd85696313fe049e39d9e43c2"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1108.5282","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1108.5282","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:14:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1108.5282v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:14:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1108.5282","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:14:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XSGB3MF2GORQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XSGB3MF2GORQSDET","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XSGB3MF2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:47Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:31ce00743277b1272e9bad98330628b7de749ed73fcbc7da3717771051e93c35","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:14:38Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In physics the value of a theory is measured by its agreement with experimental data. But how should the physics community gauge the value of an emerging theory that has not been tested experimentally as of yet? With no reality check, a hypothesis like string theory may linger for a while before physicists will know its actual value in describing nature. In this short article, I advocate the need for a website operated by graduate students that will use various measures of publicly available data (such as the growth rate of newly funded experiments, research grants, publications, and faculty j","authors_text":"Abraham Loeb (Harvard)","cross_cats":["physics.data-an"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.IM","submitted_at":"2011-08-26T11:02:49Z","title":"Rating Growth of Scientific Knowledge and Risk from Theory Bubbles"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1108.5282","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e7a42f376dd2a71645b2086f8702a955f99d922849db3bebb7122d2b2859d487","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:14:38Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cb8c764713e6ab800b5a9c415fbfef1b491d55e75a15734fefc6ada66445d662","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.data-an"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.IM","submitted_at":"2011-08-26T11:02:49Z","title_canon_sha256":"5768f17df3755234207907f0932b7e6b7c1979dcd85696313fe049e39d9e43c2"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1108.5282","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"bc8c1db0ba33a3090c93e46bde61be9fd28ee77d13997fda8c773ce61e11857a","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"bc8c1db0ba33a3090c93e46bde61be9fd28ee77d13997fda8c773ce61e11857a","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T04:14:38.598391Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T04:14:38.598391Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"nUs++Pa0ZN9DhXw/apGcP6I44sotxnjjA7Ca8Pplk2pHms/mt4f2gbZf74vbcvs54jkx6fWko7+m03oBL5LLCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T04:14:38.598887Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1108.5282","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e7a42f376dd2a71645b2086f8702a955f99d922849db3bebb7122d2b2859d487","sha256:31ce00743277b1272e9bad98330628b7de749ed73fcbc7da3717771051e93c35"],"state_sha256":"b56406e3c24f39a1a809e302b2c5df67ac918bc466c3056cf89749a4275e37d8"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hTS/dPHrNvdRjykrFNu1Gu2JpKbqhm7ukfqXtyOR/IjsJHYRy+vgSVlLaT198zAd/wwnAcR5lKMC1YBXZKzTBw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T22:43:32.127610Z","bundle_sha256":"c4cb30c078ac7e02d12be5d6a00feb72c793ca9beb6a8ac55a41919c14b32293"}}