{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:XTBMHPZ7Z3KNZFKNJQWZYTU2OK","short_pith_number":"pith:XTBMHPZ7","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1602.08416","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2016-02-26T17:48:51Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO","hep-th"],"title_canon_sha256":"0c0ad00bf5092694d5eb3f8cdcd84f4fbbdcd57fcb94124b7ab97980e369210a","abstract_canon_sha256":"ba6c30094e574183b6e8497a7d8cc5449bc2af6a0351a5ce833164a6b6ba6835"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bcc2c3bf3fced4dc954d4c2d9c4e9a72a84e86fc3b0f5963c4fe594302704da0","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1602.08416","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1602.08416","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1602.08416v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1602.08416","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XTBMHPZ7Z3KN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XTBMHPZ7Z3KNZFKN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XTBMHPZ7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:51Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:XTBMHPZ7Z3KNZFKNJQWZYTU2OK","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1602.08416","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2016-02-26T17:48:51Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO","hep-th"],"title_canon_sha256":"0c0ad00bf5092694d5eb3f8cdcd84f4fbbdcd57fcb94124b7ab97980e369210a","abstract_canon_sha256":"ba6c30094e574183b6e8497a7d8cc5449bc2af6a0351a5ce833164a6b6ba6835"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bcc2c3bf3fced4dc954d4c2d9c4e9a72a84e86fc3b0f5963c4fe594302704da0","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:28.738723Z","signature_b64":"8lT4MYcRjMFGMrX/zoHhFpL5JcEwFWiqLebYSekcmdCgnNGSasB0272kK4ziwirKXbzF3yEch3l3sFEPJOR8Aw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"bcc2c3bf3fced4dc954d4c2d9c4e9a72a84e86fc3b0f5963c4fe594302704da0","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:28.738246Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:28.738246Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1602.08416","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:28Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"7e4NlABgYiocECUUTMwu9Yf3uxkKQ5I5SCtIf8ElH08JGgMjmCgQXQ2a612v/vSstFbVQo4PNqAcgzh6FQ8PBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T08:44:08.669324Z"},"content_sha256":"fd1d38887e213cdfb4f921e9550df6808caa4b965357cd9f49148e4180f4cd41","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:fd1d38887e213cdfb4f921e9550df6808caa4b965357cd9f49148e4180f4cd41"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:XTBMHPZ7Z3KNZFKNJQWZYTU2OK","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Graviton Creation by Small Scale Factor Oscillations in an Expanding Universe","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO","hep-th"],"primary_cat":"gr-qc","authors_text":"Enrico D. Schiappacasse, L. H. Ford","submitted_at":"2016-02-26T17:48:51Z","abstract_excerpt":"We treat quantum creation of gravitons by small scale factor oscillations around the average of an expanding universe. Such oscillations can arise in standard general relativity due to oscillations of a homogeneous, minimally coupled scalar field. They can also arise in modified gravity theories with a term proportional to the square of the Ricci scalar in the gravitational action. The graviton wave equation is different in the two cases, leading to somewhat different creation rates. Both cases are treated using a perturbative method due to Birrell and Davies, involving an expansion in a confo"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1602.08416","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:28Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"eB/Z5RpbhxfZHrpdDpvqXez9wXJ2b4FOQZqLTfs7kjB8kiB4kFDNRW0JqQ1syLAKpYVi+auV9ttnUgrWKqFRDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T08:44:08.669685Z"},"content_sha256":"1acfe2baf40f987f0af29b224ef1e93f972a21d3679fa6c4a9f4898eb12f503e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1acfe2baf40f987f0af29b224ef1e93f972a21d3679fa6c4a9f4898eb12f503e"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XTBMHPZ7Z3KNZFKNJQWZYTU2OK/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XTBMHPZ7Z3KNZFKNJQWZYTU2OK/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XTBMHPZ7Z3KNZFKNJQWZYTU2OK/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-28T08:44:08Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/XTBMHPZ7Z3KNZFKNJQWZYTU2OK","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/XTBMHPZ7Z3KNZFKNJQWZYTU2OK/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/XTBMHPZ7Z3KNZFKNJQWZYTU2OK/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XTBMHPZ7Z3KNZFKNJQWZYTU2OK/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:XTBMHPZ7Z3KNZFKNJQWZYTU2OK","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ba6c30094e574183b6e8497a7d8cc5449bc2af6a0351a5ce833164a6b6ba6835","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO","hep-th"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2016-02-26T17:48:51Z","title_canon_sha256":"0c0ad00bf5092694d5eb3f8cdcd84f4fbbdcd57fcb94124b7ab97980e369210a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1602.08416","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1602.08416","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1602.08416v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1602.08416","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XTBMHPZ7Z3KN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XTBMHPZ7Z3KNZFKN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XTBMHPZ7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:51Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:1acfe2baf40f987f0af29b224ef1e93f972a21d3679fa6c4a9f4898eb12f503e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:28Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We treat quantum creation of gravitons by small scale factor oscillations around the average of an expanding universe. Such oscillations can arise in standard general relativity due to oscillations of a homogeneous, minimally coupled scalar field. They can also arise in modified gravity theories with a term proportional to the square of the Ricci scalar in the gravitational action. The graviton wave equation is different in the two cases, leading to somewhat different creation rates. Both cases are treated using a perturbative method due to Birrell and Davies, involving an expansion in a confo","authors_text":"Enrico D. Schiappacasse, L. H. Ford","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO","hep-th"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2016-02-26T17:48:51Z","title":"Graviton Creation by Small Scale Factor Oscillations in an Expanding Universe"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1602.08416","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:fd1d38887e213cdfb4f921e9550df6808caa4b965357cd9f49148e4180f4cd41","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:28Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ba6c30094e574183b6e8497a7d8cc5449bc2af6a0351a5ce833164a6b6ba6835","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO","hep-th"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2016-02-26T17:48:51Z","title_canon_sha256":"0c0ad00bf5092694d5eb3f8cdcd84f4fbbdcd57fcb94124b7ab97980e369210a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1602.08416","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"bcc2c3bf3fced4dc954d4c2d9c4e9a72a84e86fc3b0f5963c4fe594302704da0","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"bcc2c3bf3fced4dc954d4c2d9c4e9a72a84e86fc3b0f5963c4fe594302704da0","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:28.738246Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:28.738246Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"8lT4MYcRjMFGMrX/zoHhFpL5JcEwFWiqLebYSekcmdCgnNGSasB0272kK4ziwirKXbzF3yEch3l3sFEPJOR8Aw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:01:28.738723Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1602.08416","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:fd1d38887e213cdfb4f921e9550df6808caa4b965357cd9f49148e4180f4cd41","sha256:1acfe2baf40f987f0af29b224ef1e93f972a21d3679fa6c4a9f4898eb12f503e"],"state_sha256":"1c9878abf956ed011248ce97e193f04e690ba8944980eb429e37d181ea347c98"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"SdDyxmM7mgjySs1TimbLFlplWuPShKNOsTCMNjiSOqRdXSqBdivsC5AlLUsX/6bNrC8owxRgxhRS9Du8wY8mDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T08:44:08.671690Z","bundle_sha256":"1243bfa67ee060e27d8164f89246f994ba0a3e4ce300283678d2f5b59c08098a"}}