{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:XTRBP5NAUCHBSPYGAE64RX6QW3","short_pith_number":"pith:XTRBP5NA","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1812.11023","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.geo-ph","submitted_at":"2018-12-06T00:55:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"99cc343e0e9b131de6d97a3447382796d14ad3ddbd89d81c9995af04a1b249ae","abstract_canon_sha256":"15a5c4cd2ac6089cb4eb113c6385e00cd9ac5d48380b116c1d958f773ac88131"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bce217f5a0a08e193f06013dc8dfd0b6eff95a1bd8aaa3d68d37fe9d0a02590c","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1812.11023","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1812.11023","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:51:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1812.11023v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:51:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1812.11023","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:51:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XTRBP5NAUCHB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XTRBP5NAUCHBSPYG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XTRBP5NA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:01Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:XTRBP5NAUCHBSPYGAE64RX6QW3","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1812.11023","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.geo-ph","submitted_at":"2018-12-06T00:55:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"99cc343e0e9b131de6d97a3447382796d14ad3ddbd89d81c9995af04a1b249ae","abstract_canon_sha256":"15a5c4cd2ac6089cb4eb113c6385e00cd9ac5d48380b116c1d958f773ac88131"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bce217f5a0a08e193f06013dc8dfd0b6eff95a1bd8aaa3d68d37fe9d0a02590c","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:51:41.863646Z","signature_b64":"t4BMavK8jyU5SDBfMk3v9rjFHy6CWTlooS8WhtDsGMk6XDHw8Xzz0Y0RWrEjxBqLkYwTNjMU3jNCBt3thZjYDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"bce217f5a0a08e193f06013dc8dfd0b6eff95a1bd8aaa3d68d37fe9d0a02590c","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:51:41.863205Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:51:41.863205Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1812.11023","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:51:41Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"162p4y1ZuGysTuYSfcZ6Nm6GEuayFElk9rWaqJXcK52Ac5KzxOrWtnfRVtkEvPcRgfpRbxkKOtV1Pc6nMT+jCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T20:13:41.386624Z"},"content_sha256":"def4c652e2fbdfea5163790831e819d1388781801fc2a0f7413f04237a9cc1e5","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:def4c652e2fbdfea5163790831e819d1388781801fc2a0f7413f04237a9cc1e5"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:XTRBP5NAUCHBSPYGAE64RX6QW3","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Branching of Hydraulic Cracks in Gas or Oil Shale with Closed Natural Fractures: How to Master Permeability","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.geo-ph","authors_text":"Esteban Rougier, Gowri Srinivasan, Hari Viswanathan, Hoang Nguyen, Huynjin Lee, Saeed Rahimi-Agham, Satish Karra, Viet-Tuan Chau, Weixin Li, Zdenek P. Bazant","submitted_at":"2018-12-06T00:55:31Z","abstract_excerpt":"While the hydraulic fracturing technology, aka fracking (or fraccing, frac), has become highly developed and astonishingly successful, a consistent formulation of the associated fracture mechanics that would not conflict with some observations is still unavailable. It is attempted here. Classical fracture mechanics, as well as the current commercial softwares, predict vertical cracks to propagate without branching from the perforations of the horizontal well casing, which are typically spaced at 10 m or more. However, to explain the gas production rate at the wellhead, the crack spacing would "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1812.11023","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:51:41Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"wHDN95yrrBf8jU2/i8NkiY90AlvdR6Kv5WrC3En6BKOoqhvWgg/8aVUKFa+V6GDyfK6yCyl0nfPuCv5xAB5yCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T20:13:41.386984Z"},"content_sha256":"bd4262d1d3f8999580cdfe380ab1ee1b36314aad1185783be3fbf54698850074","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:bd4262d1d3f8999580cdfe380ab1ee1b36314aad1185783be3fbf54698850074"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XTRBP5NAUCHBSPYGAE64RX6QW3/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XTRBP5NAUCHBSPYGAE64RX6QW3/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XTRBP5NAUCHBSPYGAE64RX6QW3/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-30T20:13:41Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/XTRBP5NAUCHBSPYGAE64RX6QW3","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/XTRBP5NAUCHBSPYGAE64RX6QW3/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/XTRBP5NAUCHBSPYGAE64RX6QW3/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XTRBP5NAUCHBSPYGAE64RX6QW3/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:XTRBP5NAUCHBSPYGAE64RX6QW3","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"15a5c4cd2ac6089cb4eb113c6385e00cd9ac5d48380b116c1d958f773ac88131","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.geo-ph","submitted_at":"2018-12-06T00:55:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"99cc343e0e9b131de6d97a3447382796d14ad3ddbd89d81c9995af04a1b249ae"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1812.11023","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1812.11023","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:51:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1812.11023v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:51:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1812.11023","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:51:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XTRBP5NAUCHB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XTRBP5NAUCHBSPYG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XTRBP5NA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:01Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:bd4262d1d3f8999580cdfe380ab1ee1b36314aad1185783be3fbf54698850074","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:51:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"While the hydraulic fracturing technology, aka fracking (or fraccing, frac), has become highly developed and astonishingly successful, a consistent formulation of the associated fracture mechanics that would not conflict with some observations is still unavailable. It is attempted here. Classical fracture mechanics, as well as the current commercial softwares, predict vertical cracks to propagate without branching from the perforations of the horizontal well casing, which are typically spaced at 10 m or more. However, to explain the gas production rate at the wellhead, the crack spacing would ","authors_text":"Esteban Rougier, Gowri Srinivasan, Hari Viswanathan, Hoang Nguyen, Huynjin Lee, Saeed Rahimi-Agham, Satish Karra, Viet-Tuan Chau, Weixin Li, Zdenek P. Bazant","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.geo-ph","submitted_at":"2018-12-06T00:55:31Z","title":"Branching of Hydraulic Cracks in Gas or Oil Shale with Closed Natural Fractures: How to Master Permeability"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1812.11023","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:def4c652e2fbdfea5163790831e819d1388781801fc2a0f7413f04237a9cc1e5","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:51:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"15a5c4cd2ac6089cb4eb113c6385e00cd9ac5d48380b116c1d958f773ac88131","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.geo-ph","submitted_at":"2018-12-06T00:55:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"99cc343e0e9b131de6d97a3447382796d14ad3ddbd89d81c9995af04a1b249ae"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1812.11023","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"bce217f5a0a08e193f06013dc8dfd0b6eff95a1bd8aaa3d68d37fe9d0a02590c","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"bce217f5a0a08e193f06013dc8dfd0b6eff95a1bd8aaa3d68d37fe9d0a02590c","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:51:41.863205Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:51:41.863205Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"t4BMavK8jyU5SDBfMk3v9rjFHy6CWTlooS8WhtDsGMk6XDHw8Xzz0Y0RWrEjxBqLkYwTNjMU3jNCBt3thZjYDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:51:41.863646Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1812.11023","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:def4c652e2fbdfea5163790831e819d1388781801fc2a0f7413f04237a9cc1e5","sha256:bd4262d1d3f8999580cdfe380ab1ee1b36314aad1185783be3fbf54698850074"],"state_sha256":"7133fef3f9525576f7d5f3ed479a010ea095c9ce2ed0e74c4b88676741f4c5f6"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"grTrcZdrsZJcZNBzDO4QwvYPqx4uZ2L1eW1jOMkQ9gZOpXYEPJW1ga80BVFMe33E3heAyjkzC6Qw/wueajmwAA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T20:13:41.389130Z","bundle_sha256":"a4d5b151ad105cbfb92f42ff2a19280be7b5fcd5a8888ab16a716b11faab2a65"}}