{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:XU7OQD7XRNT2KPLMYXBFTOEGAZ","short_pith_number":"pith:XU7OQD7X","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2108.12947","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"eess.IV","submitted_at":"2021-08-30T01:21:07Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV","cs.LG","cs.MM"],"title_canon_sha256":"9367f38c60ccfe56d1d40e5231c25971009a01e8fe2f76526c6fc3abdf7a8c23","abstract_canon_sha256":"62387af415ec122049b5289d8a550c717555e4dcd34df9677e00dfae04d63c15"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bd3ee80ff78b67a53d6cc5c259b886067066cffa41c681aaaf4f122168f39551","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2108.12947","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2108.12947","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2108.12947v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2108.12947","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XU7OQD7XRNT2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XU7OQD7XRNT2KPLM","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XU7OQD7X","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:XU7OQD7XRNT2KPLMYXBFTOEGAZ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2108.12947","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"eess.IV","submitted_at":"2021-08-30T01:21:07Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV","cs.LG","cs.MM"],"title_canon_sha256":"9367f38c60ccfe56d1d40e5231c25971009a01e8fe2f76526c6fc3abdf7a8c23","abstract_canon_sha256":"62387af415ec122049b5289d8a550c717555e4dcd34df9677e00dfae04d63c15"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bd3ee80ff78b67a53d6cc5c259b886067066cffa41c681aaaf4f122168f39551","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20.036606Z","signature_b64":"30xcglh/n4mWoB9DTPlSpMsxgCxtbN1QIFejd/4YdLbQij682//G45CXAFfCqXBNSRiQhZyp9lnhAmIrAOV5DQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"bd3ee80ff78b67a53d6cc5c259b886067066cffa41c681aaaf4f122168f39551","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20.036115Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20.036115Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2108.12947","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"OSBaaiharAKXiGFKzoVcX8TfiHEl8QZ5zEkEYHCtn5rwrnGZ1HD8lWAtrOWVap1hlFtJcDfiLxe3iUFY5DbABw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T03:40:50.891432Z"},"content_sha256":"584a06299a330dfce6b6a673d5a7ed3a1443e45a93d827d0b16a6f560b150ff7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:584a06299a330dfce6b6a673d5a7ed3a1443e45a93d827d0b16a6f560b150ff7"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:XU7OQD7XRNT2KPLMYXBFTOEGAZ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Learning JPEG Compression Artifacts for Image Manipulation Detection and Localization","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CV","cs.LG","cs.MM"],"primary_cat":"eess.IV","authors_text":"Changick Kim, Heung-Kyu Lee, In-Jae Yu, Myung-Joon Kwon, Seung-Hun Nam","submitted_at":"2021-08-30T01:21:07Z","abstract_excerpt":"Detecting and localizing image manipulation are necessary to counter malicious use of image editing techniques. Accordingly, it is essential to distinguish between authentic and tampered regions by analyzing intrinsic statistics in an image. We focus on JPEG compression artifacts left during image acquisition and editing. We propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) that uses discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients, where compression artifacts remain, to localize image manipulation. Standard CNNs cannot learn the distribution of DCT coefficients because the convolution throws away the "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2108.12947","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2108.12947/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"eMZ0zia3V9YwewUNHKKlqn+iX7DuidSwCfnoC5njJYS+PCFibC3EN3PvquswmHhdGMwGab4Wiy5pr3ttDu7KBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T03:40:50.891937Z"},"content_sha256":"9d18a19627ed763e9c8f906a01559bd2ba0c65e2a5f009270828620fb937e97b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9d18a19627ed763e9c8f906a01559bd2ba0c65e2a5f009270828620fb937e97b"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XU7OQD7XRNT2KPLMYXBFTOEGAZ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XU7OQD7XRNT2KPLMYXBFTOEGAZ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XU7OQD7XRNT2KPLMYXBFTOEGAZ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-09T03:40:50Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/XU7OQD7XRNT2KPLMYXBFTOEGAZ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/XU7OQD7XRNT2KPLMYXBFTOEGAZ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/XU7OQD7XRNT2KPLMYXBFTOEGAZ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XU7OQD7XRNT2KPLMYXBFTOEGAZ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:XU7OQD7XRNT2KPLMYXBFTOEGAZ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"62387af415ec122049b5289d8a550c717555e4dcd34df9677e00dfae04d63c15","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV","cs.LG","cs.MM"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"eess.IV","submitted_at":"2021-08-30T01:21:07Z","title_canon_sha256":"9367f38c60ccfe56d1d40e5231c25971009a01e8fe2f76526c6fc3abdf7a8c23"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2108.12947","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2108.12947","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2108.12947v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2108.12947","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XU7OQD7XRNT2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XU7OQD7XRNT2KPLM","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XU7OQD7X","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:9d18a19627ed763e9c8f906a01559bd2ba0c65e2a5f009270828620fb937e97b","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2108.12947/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Detecting and localizing image manipulation are necessary to counter malicious use of image editing techniques. Accordingly, it is essential to distinguish between authentic and tampered regions by analyzing intrinsic statistics in an image. We focus on JPEG compression artifacts left during image acquisition and editing. We propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) that uses discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients, where compression artifacts remain, to localize image manipulation. Standard CNNs cannot learn the distribution of DCT coefficients because the convolution throws away the ","authors_text":"Changick Kim, Heung-Kyu Lee, In-Jae Yu, Myung-Joon Kwon, Seung-Hun Nam","cross_cats":["cs.CV","cs.LG","cs.MM"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"eess.IV","submitted_at":"2021-08-30T01:21:07Z","title":"Learning JPEG Compression Artifacts for Image Manipulation Detection and Localization"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2108.12947","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:584a06299a330dfce6b6a673d5a7ed3a1443e45a93d827d0b16a6f560b150ff7","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"62387af415ec122049b5289d8a550c717555e4dcd34df9677e00dfae04d63c15","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV","cs.LG","cs.MM"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"eess.IV","submitted_at":"2021-08-30T01:21:07Z","title_canon_sha256":"9367f38c60ccfe56d1d40e5231c25971009a01e8fe2f76526c6fc3abdf7a8c23"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2108.12947","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"bd3ee80ff78b67a53d6cc5c259b886067066cffa41c681aaaf4f122168f39551","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"bd3ee80ff78b67a53d6cc5c259b886067066cffa41c681aaaf4f122168f39551","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20.036115Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20.036115Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"30xcglh/n4mWoB9DTPlSpMsxgCxtbN1QIFejd/4YdLbQij682//G45CXAFfCqXBNSRiQhZyp9lnhAmIrAOV5DQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:26:20.036606Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2108.12947","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:584a06299a330dfce6b6a673d5a7ed3a1443e45a93d827d0b16a6f560b150ff7","sha256:9d18a19627ed763e9c8f906a01559bd2ba0c65e2a5f009270828620fb937e97b"],"state_sha256":"45ffb69a04061dae7fe462deef7ed5bc8825db0f039963290f2131c3f2acbd7c"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"JTntd6Jif8pQHLmIeygBMUaAxWM+OH7w/seQXy5eRRxBc9pv1f4m8XNyOcIoaaZ8wPTOtrk8Ao4i+UOS2wMrAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T03:40:50.897317Z","bundle_sha256":"2aea0e7a8bdac4001fa55197c399bee4266ea3d9bdfab9a74bf53c4bb2654684"}}