{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2013:XXAUXMMZHQRVVFG47UTFR57N4E","short_pith_number":"pith:XXAUXMMZ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1310.6408","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2013-10-23T22:05:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LO"],"title_canon_sha256":"ea9dbee8a5906ad16501a7e026f1341d722d7e52d4b935d440ad33d3162066ba","abstract_canon_sha256":"894c2baa5eee83329a7f4c3768b5f4e53871096e6fca426180c21d25d925d890"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bdc14bb1993c235a94dcfd2658f7ede1084e067596dcd0a3f98617ecd947ed31","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1310.6408","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1310.6408","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:08:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1310.6408v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:08:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1310.6408","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:08:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XXAUXMMZHQRV","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XXAUXMMZHQRVVFG4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XXAUXMMZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:06Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2013:XXAUXMMZHQRVVFG47UTFR57N4E","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1310.6408","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2013-10-23T22:05:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LO"],"title_canon_sha256":"ea9dbee8a5906ad16501a7e026f1341d722d7e52d4b935d440ad33d3162066ba","abstract_canon_sha256":"894c2baa5eee83329a7f4c3768b5f4e53871096e6fca426180c21d25d925d890"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"bdc14bb1993c235a94dcfd2658f7ede1084e067596dcd0a3f98617ecd947ed31","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:08:48.337621Z","signature_b64":"cbIMi7pSXaooudZx9oDf0LxCTxGmc77nRsXFz/+l6fSfrTYpoSd10BAAqtjg34JyycZLsbkp1esH6OPFkbQcCA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"bdc14bb1993c235a94dcfd2658f7ede1084e067596dcd0a3f98617ecd947ed31","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:08:48.337068Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:08:48.337068Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1310.6408","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:08:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IghYotCReqPBP2tzbp1WEHfu9QquFD82nqrjNLUB3WhiiS1dpcpEA1FJZT8Dk/AqHqTdQq8glYpJi9wEwhasCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T15:05:16.513078Z"},"content_sha256":"3bb4d384c55ca6a889f496145bcbb70141bbb3318273b1be78802b690a0d938b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3bb4d384c55ca6a889f496145bcbb70141bbb3318273b1be78802b690a0d938b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2013:XXAUXMMZHQRVVFG47UTFR57N4E","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Language-based Games","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LO"],"primary_cat":"cs.GT","authors_text":"Adam Bjorndahl, Joseph Y. Halpern, Rafael Pass","submitted_at":"2013-10-23T22:05:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"We introduce language-based games, a generalization of psychological games [6] that can also capture reference-dependent preferences [7]. The idea is to extend the domain of the utility function to situations, maximal consistent sets in some language. The role of the underlying language in this framework is thus particularly critical. Of special interest are languages that can express only coarse beliefs [9]. Despite the expressive power of the approach, we show that it can describe games in a simple, natural way. Nash equilibrium and rationalizability are generalized to this setting; Nash equ"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1310.6408","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:08:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"TAf8zHMu6XM8f2aCzmlJmLvhKSYqxvezIUo4uRcrk5mBJJCGNI033Gxhgeu3HSHxtRsi5KVxnsKhwC80ufKXBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T15:05:16.514022Z"},"content_sha256":"49b56b085b98dcf06b2b31e146c023b4f0683b31d5e90a10fac88390ed51fc5c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:49b56b085b98dcf06b2b31e146c023b4f0683b31d5e90a10fac88390ed51fc5c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XXAUXMMZHQRVVFG47UTFR57N4E/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/XXAUXMMZHQRVVFG47UTFR57N4E/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XXAUXMMZHQRVVFG47UTFR57N4E/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-11T15:05:16Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/XXAUXMMZHQRVVFG47UTFR57N4E","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/XXAUXMMZHQRVVFG47UTFR57N4E/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/XXAUXMMZHQRVVFG47UTFR57N4E/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/XXAUXMMZHQRVVFG47UTFR57N4E/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2013:XXAUXMMZHQRVVFG47UTFR57N4E","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"894c2baa5eee83329a7f4c3768b5f4e53871096e6fca426180c21d25d925d890","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LO"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2013-10-23T22:05:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"ea9dbee8a5906ad16501a7e026f1341d722d7e52d4b935d440ad33d3162066ba"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1310.6408","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1310.6408","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:08:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1310.6408v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:08:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1310.6408","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:08:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"XXAUXMMZHQRV","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"XXAUXMMZHQRVVFG4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"XXAUXMMZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:06Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:49b56b085b98dcf06b2b31e146c023b4f0683b31d5e90a10fac88390ed51fc5c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:08:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We introduce language-based games, a generalization of psychological games [6] that can also capture reference-dependent preferences [7]. The idea is to extend the domain of the utility function to situations, maximal consistent sets in some language. The role of the underlying language in this framework is thus particularly critical. Of special interest are languages that can express only coarse beliefs [9]. Despite the expressive power of the approach, we show that it can describe games in a simple, natural way. Nash equilibrium and rationalizability are generalized to this setting; Nash equ","authors_text":"Adam Bjorndahl, Joseph Y. Halpern, Rafael Pass","cross_cats":["cs.LO"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2013-10-23T22:05:01Z","title":"Language-based Games"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1310.6408","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:3bb4d384c55ca6a889f496145bcbb70141bbb3318273b1be78802b690a0d938b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:08:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"894c2baa5eee83329a7f4c3768b5f4e53871096e6fca426180c21d25d925d890","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LO"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2013-10-23T22:05:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"ea9dbee8a5906ad16501a7e026f1341d722d7e52d4b935d440ad33d3162066ba"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1310.6408","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"bdc14bb1993c235a94dcfd2658f7ede1084e067596dcd0a3f98617ecd947ed31","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"bdc14bb1993c235a94dcfd2658f7ede1084e067596dcd0a3f98617ecd947ed31","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:08:48.337068Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:08:48.337068Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"cbIMi7pSXaooudZx9oDf0LxCTxGmc77nRsXFz/+l6fSfrTYpoSd10BAAqtjg34JyycZLsbkp1esH6OPFkbQcCA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:08:48.337621Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1310.6408","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:3bb4d384c55ca6a889f496145bcbb70141bbb3318273b1be78802b690a0d938b","sha256:49b56b085b98dcf06b2b31e146c023b4f0683b31d5e90a10fac88390ed51fc5c"],"state_sha256":"d198164c417fbbc42fc72a5108124c288c461e028c15cb4d899c909b6915b674"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"AAfKI1ENS4TowcJezG5HVM4IMK2s3IRsHa/ZY91yR8rG2zg0pGAIQ+FcRRTubDgA0ldzPQHO3170YgGkJcqkAA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T15:05:16.517796Z","bundle_sha256":"c53490fd0405763bc436f601f476c52af51c48aa45e5de2c545ec4616267be5b"}}