{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2013:Y5QQLWXS5KND7NB3COI5ARWU4W","short_pith_number":"pith:Y5QQLWXS","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1309.3339","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2013-09-13T00:53:20Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"f953823ec39e0de0737d5517d685bd2b5ff49dcb352b98bfd7693c01d01880f7","abstract_canon_sha256":"d62dfe52607c5739fb6f9aa204a4522c50328278d65b71dc2b3beb8d43d98893"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c76105daf2ea9a3fb43b1391d046d4e58e214e15f0e66513c85ef99eaf38b9b8","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1309.3339","version":4},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1309.3339","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:10:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1309.3339v4","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:10:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1309.3339","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:10:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"Y5QQLWXS5KND","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"Y5QQLWXS5KND7NB3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"Y5QQLWXS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:06Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2013:Y5QQLWXS5KND7NB3COI5ARWU4W","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1309.3339","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2013-09-13T00:53:20Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"f953823ec39e0de0737d5517d685bd2b5ff49dcb352b98bfd7693c01d01880f7","abstract_canon_sha256":"d62dfe52607c5739fb6f9aa204a4522c50328278d65b71dc2b3beb8d43d98893"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c76105daf2ea9a3fb43b1391d046d4e58e214e15f0e66513c85ef99eaf38b9b8","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:10:38.948884Z","signature_b64":"E0Ce54GcW+QTbJgJQKuPezIPLViv6L51AmJFtAzpk1vfwYXj07DtmkcgrIe9InBtgAqf+AqBpWoC2bcUloxkAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"c76105daf2ea9a3fb43b1391d046d4e58e214e15f0e66513c85ef99eaf38b9b8","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:10:38.948290Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:10:38.948290Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1309.3339","source_version":4,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:10:38Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"VrHzbz08uJD+KpcWfqpxvzXAe6j0tKdPWFyNdTWDm6fCwCttA8GtiCJFM1rEDqS/bk9m6qFNBMLJUF4ljYUyCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-07T22:00:28.758101Z"},"content_sha256":"431b5488c746dfac4558cf6455af3e9cd7c5ee7c4f04480cdfa81a917a631bba","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:431b5488c746dfac4558cf6455af3e9cd7c5ee7c4f04480cdfa81a917a631bba"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2013:Y5QQLWXS5KND7NB3COI5ARWU4W","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Importance sampling squared for Bayesian inference in latent variable models","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Marcel Scharth, Michael K. Pitt, Minh-Ngoc Tran, Robert Kohn","submitted_at":"2013-09-13T00:53:20Z","abstract_excerpt":"We consider Bayesian inference by importance sampling when the likelihood is analytically intractable but can be unbiasedly estimated. We refer to this procedure as importance sampling squared (IS2), as we can often estimate the likelihood itself by importance sampling. We provide a formal justification for importance sampling when working with an estimate of the likelihood and study its convergence properties. We analyze the effect of estimating the likelihood on the resulting inference and provide guidelines on how to set up the precision of the likelihood estimate in order to obtain an opti"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1309.3339","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:10:38Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"tQNZrmVADGb18fBYP3SrfX462csmdRfnF2Lko0syhzzUmoXpoQ5mNcMOVSZiFLkrdwQY6pwzGUWk+0SrgDorBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-07T22:00:28.758730Z"},"content_sha256":"b8af1aa643019fdd787f305a9a4cb204aabc557d4ad5030d124bc7d314d047d4","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b8af1aa643019fdd787f305a9a4cb204aabc557d4ad5030d124bc7d314d047d4"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/Y5QQLWXS5KND7NB3COI5ARWU4W/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/Y5QQLWXS5KND7NB3COI5ARWU4W/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/Y5QQLWXS5KND7NB3COI5ARWU4W/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-07T22:00:28Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/Y5QQLWXS5KND7NB3COI5ARWU4W","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/Y5QQLWXS5KND7NB3COI5ARWU4W/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/Y5QQLWXS5KND7NB3COI5ARWU4W/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/Y5QQLWXS5KND7NB3COI5ARWU4W/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2013:Y5QQLWXS5KND7NB3COI5ARWU4W","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d62dfe52607c5739fb6f9aa204a4522c50328278d65b71dc2b3beb8d43d98893","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2013-09-13T00:53:20Z","title_canon_sha256":"f953823ec39e0de0737d5517d685bd2b5ff49dcb352b98bfd7693c01d01880f7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1309.3339","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1309.3339","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:10:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1309.3339v4","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:10:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1309.3339","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:10:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"Y5QQLWXS5KND","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"Y5QQLWXS5KND7NB3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"Y5QQLWXS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:06Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:b8af1aa643019fdd787f305a9a4cb204aabc557d4ad5030d124bc7d314d047d4","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:10:38Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We consider Bayesian inference by importance sampling when the likelihood is analytically intractable but can be unbiasedly estimated. We refer to this procedure as importance sampling squared (IS2), as we can often estimate the likelihood itself by importance sampling. We provide a formal justification for importance sampling when working with an estimate of the likelihood and study its convergence properties. We analyze the effect of estimating the likelihood on the resulting inference and provide guidelines on how to set up the precision of the likelihood estimate in order to obtain an opti","authors_text":"Marcel Scharth, Michael K. Pitt, Minh-Ngoc Tran, Robert Kohn","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2013-09-13T00:53:20Z","title":"Importance sampling squared for Bayesian inference in latent variable models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1309.3339","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:431b5488c746dfac4558cf6455af3e9cd7c5ee7c4f04480cdfa81a917a631bba","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:10:38Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d62dfe52607c5739fb6f9aa204a4522c50328278d65b71dc2b3beb8d43d98893","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2013-09-13T00:53:20Z","title_canon_sha256":"f953823ec39e0de0737d5517d685bd2b5ff49dcb352b98bfd7693c01d01880f7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1309.3339","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"canonical_sha256":"c76105daf2ea9a3fb43b1391d046d4e58e214e15f0e66513c85ef99eaf38b9b8","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"c76105daf2ea9a3fb43b1391d046d4e58e214e15f0e66513c85ef99eaf38b9b8","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:10:38.948290Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:10:38.948290Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"E0Ce54GcW+QTbJgJQKuPezIPLViv6L51AmJFtAzpk1vfwYXj07DtmkcgrIe9InBtgAqf+AqBpWoC2bcUloxkAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:10:38.948884Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1309.3339","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":4}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:431b5488c746dfac4558cf6455af3e9cd7c5ee7c4f04480cdfa81a917a631bba","sha256:b8af1aa643019fdd787f305a9a4cb204aabc557d4ad5030d124bc7d314d047d4"],"state_sha256":"575a31761e39f6b6d42c32499b52c5db1db1a305682f64302960536e9c8da2de"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"aqBcqWBybrRkRli70vGqOqZPEpmEQctkf+9oivtTJuwQYpc3E+V17jkE9cO/27XSPDdZRmKaJ3+b/208xBFTAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-07T22:00:28.762079Z","bundle_sha256":"04330671f6b51d95d80cfa1846ca8b821ee78bb4bf2c86800b4563c512d7af87"}}