{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:Y62OGPK6I7XHRK2GN4AZUHUGRH","short_pith_number":"pith:Y62OGPK6","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2505.02274","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2025-05-04T22:06:23Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.RO"],"title_canon_sha256":"245423f96531ec2cd7731e12bf762da2eb6b4d828fcfba1b73410f5e4f0e64ab","abstract_canon_sha256":"d8df53a3d41b485568fde326d3dc8db0f9713a29717c24fc8ffb9656e6362f2b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c7b4e33d5e47ee78ab466f019a1e8689e28fd4f0f9ffb7e6caf854cf1d03e3aa","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2505.02274","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2505.02274","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2505.02274v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.02274","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"Y62OGPK6I7XH","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"Y62OGPK6I7XHRK2G","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"Y62OGPK6","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:Y62OGPK6I7XHRK2GN4AZUHUGRH","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2505.02274","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2025-05-04T22:06:23Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.RO"],"title_canon_sha256":"245423f96531ec2cd7731e12bf762da2eb6b4d828fcfba1b73410f5e4f0e64ab","abstract_canon_sha256":"d8df53a3d41b485568fde326d3dc8db0f9713a29717c24fc8ffb9656e6362f2b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"c7b4e33d5e47ee78ab466f019a1e8689e28fd4f0f9ffb7e6caf854cf1d03e3aa","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44.610195Z","signature_b64":"LoyxYqxGkYpL0Ag91qdINISJN+1QfkS0MT6KHxVM5OjgfxLM3RNikExwUjWZiQWD9J1jpZ0g6NkvWVQjN6HZBg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"c7b4e33d5e47ee78ab466f019a1e8689e28fd4f0f9ffb7e6caf854cf1d03e3aa","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44.608642Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44.608642Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2505.02274","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"HLJaX1qLI9Z718qnRVD9rmtPIqLQNbJ5VWUN+3wxbQ/+pTMQvIeseuJBZT79MDahsF5X7QvDdPH/OzVBvQOiDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T07:58:33.136877Z"},"content_sha256":"4759d36b4cad71d467e7434fe28f46562b1554f55b2efcb0147baa103e1403c6","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4759d36b4cad71d467e7434fe28f46562b1554f55b2efcb0147baa103e1403c6"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:Y62OGPK6I7XHRK2GN4AZUHUGRH","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"On the Need for a Statistical Foundation in Scenario-Based Testing of Autonomous Vehicles","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.RO"],"primary_cat":"cs.SE","authors_text":"Chih-Hong Cheng, Lorenzo Strigini, Peter Popov, Robab Aghazadeh-Chakherlou, Xingyu Zhao","submitted_at":"2025-05-04T22:06:23Z","abstract_excerpt":"Scenario-based testing has emerged as a common method for autonomous vehicles (AVs) safety assessment, offering a more efficient alternative to mile-based testing by focusing on high-risk scenarios. However, fundamental questions persist regarding its stopping rules, residual risk estimation, debug effectiveness, and the impact of simulation fidelity on safety claims. This paper argues that a rigorous statistical foundation is essential to address these challenges and enable rigorous safety assurance. By drawing parallels between AV testing and established software testing methods, we identify"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2505.02274","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2505.02274/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/0Z5r47KSBzT6H6Nf1BtCLJQnl3E+p1qSXsaWQXtUlBQFr4at/FTWHXgHL3VI5ZMj7oTFxeT3SkRZ0QlZ5xcAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T07:58:33.137565Z"},"content_sha256":"221021eff1f7cd1b978f63534649d70c95c8edfecdac8171444cf240d28d596d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:221021eff1f7cd1b978f63534649d70c95c8edfecdac8171444cf240d28d596d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/Y62OGPK6I7XHRK2GN4AZUHUGRH/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/Y62OGPK6I7XHRK2GN4AZUHUGRH/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/Y62OGPK6I7XHRK2GN4AZUHUGRH/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-17T07:58:33Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/Y62OGPK6I7XHRK2GN4AZUHUGRH","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/Y62OGPK6I7XHRK2GN4AZUHUGRH/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/Y62OGPK6I7XHRK2GN4AZUHUGRH/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/Y62OGPK6I7XHRK2GN4AZUHUGRH/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:Y62OGPK6I7XHRK2GN4AZUHUGRH","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d8df53a3d41b485568fde326d3dc8db0f9713a29717c24fc8ffb9656e6362f2b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.RO"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2025-05-04T22:06:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"245423f96531ec2cd7731e12bf762da2eb6b4d828fcfba1b73410f5e4f0e64ab"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2505.02274","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2505.02274","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2505.02274v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.02274","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"Y62OGPK6I7XH","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"Y62OGPK6I7XHRK2G","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"Y62OGPK6","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:221021eff1f7cd1b978f63534649d70c95c8edfecdac8171444cf240d28d596d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2505.02274/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Scenario-based testing has emerged as a common method for autonomous vehicles (AVs) safety assessment, offering a more efficient alternative to mile-based testing by focusing on high-risk scenarios. However, fundamental questions persist regarding its stopping rules, residual risk estimation, debug effectiveness, and the impact of simulation fidelity on safety claims. This paper argues that a rigorous statistical foundation is essential to address these challenges and enable rigorous safety assurance. By drawing parallels between AV testing and established software testing methods, we identify","authors_text":"Chih-Hong Cheng, Lorenzo Strigini, Peter Popov, Robab Aghazadeh-Chakherlou, Xingyu Zhao","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.RO"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2025-05-04T22:06:23Z","title":"On the Need for a Statistical Foundation in Scenario-Based Testing of Autonomous Vehicles"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2505.02274","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:4759d36b4cad71d467e7434fe28f46562b1554f55b2efcb0147baa103e1403c6","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d8df53a3d41b485568fde326d3dc8db0f9713a29717c24fc8ffb9656e6362f2b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.RO"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2025-05-04T22:06:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"245423f96531ec2cd7731e12bf762da2eb6b4d828fcfba1b73410f5e4f0e64ab"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2505.02274","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"c7b4e33d5e47ee78ab466f019a1e8689e28fd4f0f9ffb7e6caf854cf1d03e3aa","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"c7b4e33d5e47ee78ab466f019a1e8689e28fd4f0f9ffb7e6caf854cf1d03e3aa","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44.608642Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44.608642Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"LoyxYqxGkYpL0Ag91qdINISJN+1QfkS0MT6KHxVM5OjgfxLM3RNikExwUjWZiQWD9J1jpZ0g6NkvWVQjN6HZBg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:37:44.610195Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2505.02274","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:4759d36b4cad71d467e7434fe28f46562b1554f55b2efcb0147baa103e1403c6","sha256:221021eff1f7cd1b978f63534649d70c95c8edfecdac8171444cf240d28d596d"],"state_sha256":"98fb1104e315af006dc56ba6cc79e1a452fd1c116a3ce407763a65b69bdaf45b"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Xk1XACTOXXuWFdM7otaffDwYtPYIFk7pZWqvomvr+5KdcoamIWwqesof2wsimWtEcLfEmn7ntpLxzw0AaCErDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T07:58:33.143348Z","bundle_sha256":"0b7025e25b31bf703926a02d8a704a4014eb8104777bbd2a14f1957bc3f81565"}}